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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task
05:31

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task

Published on: February 26, 2020

Bimodal bilingualism.

Karen Emmorey1, Helsa B Borinstein, Robin Thompson

  • 1San Diego State University.

Bilingualism (Cambridge, England)
|December 17, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bimodal bilinguals can produce two languages simultaneously, often blending spoken English and American Sign Language (ASL) signs. This code-blending, similar to gesture, suggests distinct language processing in the brain.

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Cognitive Science
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • Speech-sign (bimodal) bilingualism allows simultaneous language production due to distinct modalities.
  • Investigating language mixing in bimodal bilinguals offers insights into language production models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the effects of simultaneous language production in bimodal bilinguals on language mixing.
  • To explore the phenomenon of code-blending in American Sign Language (ASL) and English bilinguals.

Main Methods:

  • Elicited language mixing from eleven hearing native users of ASL and English.
  • Analyzed instances of code-blending, comparing them to co-speech gesture.

Main Results:

  • Bilinguals frequently produced code-blends (simultaneous English words and ASL signs), not language switching.
  • Code-blends showed synchronous vocal-manual timing and semantic equivalence, resembling co-speech gesture.
  • When ASL was dominant, English production was more inhibited than ASL production.

Conclusions:

  • A model accounting for co-speech gesture and code-blending interactions between ASL and English Formulators is proposed.
  • Findings demonstrate simultaneous selection of two lexical representations (not propositions) is possible.
  • Lexical suppression is computationally more costly than lexical selection in bimodal bilinguals.