Jove
Visualize
Contact Us

Related Concept Videos

The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Differentiating Ménière Disease and Vestibular Migraine: A Prospective MRI Study of Endolymphatic Hydrops.

Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology·2026
Same author

Exploring slow-phase eye velocity and nystagmus duration following caloric irrigation in Ménière's disease.

Journal of vestibular research : equilibrium & orientation·2025
Same author

Unprecedented Finding of Isolated Sphenoid Fungal Ball in a Child: A Case Report.

Case reports in otolaryngology·2025
Same author

The Emerging Future of Mobile Audiometry: A Prospective Validation Study of the Mimi Hearing Test Application.

Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology·2024
Same author

Reply to Hornibrook, J. Comment on "Tabet et al. Vestibular Migraine versus Méniere's Disease: Diagnostic Utility of Electrocochleography. <i>Audiol. Res.</i> 2023, <i>13</i>, 12-22".

Audiology research·2024
Same author

Endolymphatic duct blockage surgery vs. intratympanic steroids for treatment of refractory Ménière's disease.

European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery·2024
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Techniques of Endoscopic Ossiculoplasty
09:07

Techniques of Endoscopic Ossiculoplasty

Published on: January 26, 2024

Ossicular reconstruction: incus versus universal titanium prosthesis.

Owen Woods1, Fouad El Fata, Issam Saliba

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Pavillons Notre Dame et Hôtel Dieu), Montreal University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Auris, Nasus, Larynx
|December 17, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Incus reconstruction is as effective as titanium prostheses for ossicular reconstruction, with better audiological outcomes. Previous ear surgery negatively impacts success rates.

More Related Videos

The Microscopic Transcanal Approach in Stapes Surgery Revisited
07:35

The Microscopic Transcanal Approach in Stapes Surgery Revisited

Published on: February 16, 2022

Step-by-Step Stapedotomy through Transcanal Exclusive Endoscopic Approach
09:20

Step-by-Step Stapedotomy through Transcanal Exclusive Endoscopic Approach

Published on: March 5, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Techniques of Endoscopic Ossiculoplasty
09:07

Techniques of Endoscopic Ossiculoplasty

Published on: January 26, 2024

The Microscopic Transcanal Approach in Stapes Surgery Revisited
07:35

The Microscopic Transcanal Approach in Stapes Surgery Revisited

Published on: February 16, 2022

Step-by-Step Stapedotomy through Transcanal Exclusive Endoscopic Approach
09:20

Step-by-Step Stapedotomy through Transcanal Exclusive Endoscopic Approach

Published on: March 5, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Audiology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Ossicular reconstruction is crucial for restoring hearing after middle ear damage.
  • Titanium prostheses (PORP, TORP) and incus reconstruction are common methods.
  • Surgical techniques and patient factors can influence outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Compare audiological outcomes of incus reconstruction versus titanium prostheses (PORP, TORP).
  • Evaluate the impact of surgical technique, prior surgery, prosthesis type, pathology, and frequency on outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective chart review of ossicular reconstructions from June 2003 to December 2006.
  • Analysis of postoperative air-bone gap (ABG) and pure tone average (PTA).

Main Results:

  • Incus reconstruction showed significantly lower postoperative ABG and PTA compared to titanium prostheses.
  • PORP and TORP groups had similar outcomes; ABG closure was comparable across all groups.
  • Intact canal wall mastoidectomy yielded better overall results than canal wall down; primary surgeries outperformed revisions.

Conclusions:

  • Incus reconstruction is a viable and effective alternative to titanium prostheses.
  • Canal wall down mastoidectomy is indicated only when canal wall preservation is contraindicated.
  • Previous ipsilateral ear surgery is a negative prognostic factor; round head PORPs may offer advantages.