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Related Concept Videos

Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer01:03

Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer

Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
RSV is a retrovirus that contains two copies of a plus-strand  RNA genome. Its genome consists of four main open...
Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer01:03

Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer

Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
RSV is a retrovirus that contains two copies of a plus-strand  RNA genome. Its genome consists of four main open...
Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers01:51

Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers

Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...
Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers01:51

Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers

Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

In situ Subcellular Fractionation of Adherent and Non-adherent Mammalian Cells
09:20

In situ Subcellular Fractionation of Adherent and Non-adherent Mammalian Cells

Published on: July 23, 2010

Papillomavirus E6 proteins.

Heather L Howie1, Rachel A Katzenellenbogen, Denise A Galloway

  • 1Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.

Virology
|December 17, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) use E6 proteins to promote cell proliferation and cancer development. These oncoproteins inactivate tumor suppressors like p53, driving cervical cancer progression.

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In situ Subcellular Fractionation of Adherent and Non-adherent Mammalian Cells
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Use of Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus
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Use of Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus

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RNAscope for In situ Detection of Transcriptionally Active Human Papillomavirus in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
10:26

RNAscope for In situ Detection of Transcriptionally Active Human Papillomavirus in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Published on: March 11, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Papillomaviruses are small DNA viruses reliant on host cell machinery for replication.
  • Viral E1 and E2 proteins manage viral DNA replication, while E6 and E7 proteins promote host cell proliferation.
  • High-risk HPVs (HR HPVs) E6 and E7 proteins disrupt cell cycle checkpoints, contributing to anogenital cancers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail the multifaceted activities of the papillomavirus E6 protein.
  • To elucidate the role of E6 in the oncogenesis of high-risk human papillomaviruses.
  • To understand how E6 contributes to the development of cervical cancers.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on papillomavirus E6 protein functions.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms underlying E6-mediated cellular changes.
  • Examination of E6 expression in cervical cancer tissues.

Main Results:

  • E6 protein inactivates the tumor suppressor p53.
  • E6 blocks apoptosis, activates telomerase, and disrupts cell adhesion and polarity.
  • E6 alters gene transcription and reduces immune recognition, facilitating viral oncogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • The E6 protein is a key oncogenic driver in HR HPVs, particularly in cervical cancer.
  • E6's diverse functions promote uncontrolled cell proliferation and immune evasion.
  • Targeting E6 activity presents a potential therapeutic strategy for HPV-associated cancers.