Formation of hydrated triply charged metal ions from aqueous solutions using nanodrop mass spectrometry

Forming hydrated clusters containing triply charged metal ions is challenging due to the competing process of dissociation by forming the metal hydroxide with one less net charge and a protonated water molecule. It is demonstrated for the first time that it is possible to form such clusters using a method we call "nanodrop mass spectrometry". Clusters of the form [M(H(2)O)(n)](3+), where M = Ce, Eu, and La, are generated using electrospray ionization and are mass analyzed in a Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer with an ion cell cooled to -140 °C. Clusters containing trivalent La with n ranging from 16 to over 160 can be readily produced. These clusters are stable at this temperature for many seconds, enabling all standard methods to probe structure and reactivity of these unusual species. Photodissociation experiments on extensively hydrated clusters of trivalent lanthanum using resonant infrared radiation indicate that a minimum of 17 water molecules is necessary to stabilize these trivalent clusters under the low-energy ion excitation conditions and long time frame of these experiments. These results indicate that a minimum droplet size of approximately a nanometer is necessary for these trivalent species to survive intact. This suggests that elemental speciation of trivalent metal ions from aqueous solutions should be possible using nanodrop mass spectrometry.