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Related Concept Videos

Theory of Attribution II: Kelley's Covariation Theory01:29

Theory of Attribution II: Kelley's Covariation Theory

Attribution theory plays a crucial role in social psychology, helping to explain how individuals interpret the causes of behavior. One prominent model within this field is Harold Kelley's covariation theory, which provides a systematic approach to determining whether internal traits or external circumstances drive a person's actions. The model posits that individuals rely on three key types of information—consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness—to make these judgments.Consensus: Comparing...
Sources of Self-Esteem III: Social Comparison01:27

Sources of Self-Esteem III: Social Comparison

Social comparison plays a fundamental role in the evaluation of personal success and self-worth. Rather than assessing our achievements in isolation, we interpret their significance relative to personal goals and critically in comparison to the performance of others. A grade of B in a mathematics exam might elicit pride if one's expectation was a C, yet result in disappointment if an A was anticipated or if peers achieved superior results. These comparative evaluations illustrate how both...
Vygotsky's Cognitive Development in Cultural Context01:22

Vygotsky's Cognitive Development in Cultural Context

Lev Vygotsky, a pioneering Russian psychologist, developed a theory of cognitive development that centers on the influence of social and cultural factors. Unlike Jean Piaget, who emphasized the child's direct interaction with the physical world as key to development, Vygotsky argued that cognitive growth is an interpersonal process that unfolds within a cultural context. For Vygotsky, a child's learning cannot be separated from their social environment, which includes the values, beliefs, and...
Stereotype Threat and Self-fulfilling Prophecies02:09

Stereotype Threat and Self-fulfilling Prophecies

When we hold a stereotype about a person, we have expectations that he or she will fulfill that stereotype. A self-fulfilling prophecy is an expectation held by a person that alters his or her behavior in a way that tends to make it true. When we hold stereotypes about a person, we tend to treat the person according to our expectations. This treatment can influence the person to act according to our stereotypic expectations, thus confirming our stereotypic beliefs. Research by Rosenthal and...
Impact of Social Context on Individuals01:21

Impact of Social Context on Individuals

Social psychology examines how the real or imagined presence of others influences individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. A key concept in this field is the role of social context in shaping behavior. The same individual may act differently depending on the social setting, due to the varying expectations and norms associated with each environment. This context-dependent behavior illustrates the influence of social roles, which prescribe appropriate conduct in specific situations.Social...
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Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development

Social-emotional experiences and cultural influences play significant roles in shaping gender development. During middle childhood, from ages 6 to 11, peer groups become dominant in reinforcing gender norms. Children in this age group often align with same-gender peer groups, which actively encourage behaviors that conform to traditional gender roles. For instance, boys may be discouraged from engaging in activities perceived as feminine, reinforcing culturally dictated norms about masculinity...

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Related Experiment Videos

Teacher expectations, classroom context, and the achievement gap.

Clark McKown1, Rhona S Weinstein

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7137, USA. cmckown@uic.edu

Journal of School Psychology
|December 17, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Classroom diversity and differential teacher treatment (PDT) significantly impact teacher expectations for students of different ethnicities. In high-PDT classrooms, expectations varied by ethnicity, contributing to achievement gaps.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Educational Psychology
  • Sociology of Education
  • Child Development

Background:

  • Teacher expectations can influence student achievement.
  • Classroom diversity and teacher treatment patterns (PDT) may moderate ethnic disparities in education.
  • Existing research highlights the ethnic achievement gap in elementary education.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how classroom context, specifically ethnic diversity and differential teacher treatment (PDT), moderates the relationship between child ethnicity and teacher expectations.
  • To examine the extent to which teacher expectations contribute to the ethnic achievement gap in elementary school.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of two independent datasets (1872 elementary students, 83 classrooms) across three studies.
  • Study 1 & 2: Examined teacher expectations in ethnically diverse classrooms with varying levels of PDT.
  • Study 3: Quantified the impact of teacher expectations on the year-end ethnic achievement gap in high- and low-bias classrooms.

Main Results:

  • In high-PDT diverse classrooms, teacher expectations for European American and Asian American students were significantly higher (.75-1.00 SD) than for African American and Latino students with similar achievement.
  • In low-PDT diverse classrooms, teachers held similar expectations for all students regardless of ethnicity.
  • Teacher expectancy effects accounted for 0.29 to 0.38 SD of the ethnic achievement gap in high-bias classrooms.

Conclusions:

  • Classroom context, particularly differential teacher treatment, plays a crucial role in shaping ethnic disparities in teacher expectations.
  • Reducing biased teacher treatment within diverse classrooms can promote equitable expectations and potentially narrow the ethnic achievement gap.
  • Teacher expectations are a significant contributing factor to the ethnic achievement gap, especially in biased classroom environments.