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Related Concept Videos

X and Y Chromosomes02:32

X and Y Chromosomes

Among mammals, the gender of an organism is determined by the sex chromosomes. Humans have two sex chromosomes, X and Y. Every human diploid cell has 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. A human female has two X chromosomes, while a male has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
The germline cells such as egg and sperm cells carry only half the number of chromosomes, i.e., 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome. All eggs have an X chromosome, while sperm cells can carry an X or...
X-linked Traits01:19

X-linked Traits

In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. Trait variations arising from mutations on the X chromosome are called “X-linked”.
Karyotyping01:17

Karyotyping

Describing the number and physical features of chromosomes can reveal abnormalities that underlie genetic diseases. This description is facilitated by special staining techniques that produce a particular banding pattern on each chromosome. State-of-the-art techniques make this approach even more powerful, enabling the detection of individual genes that cause disease.A Simple Chromosome Staining Technique Provides Valuable Scientific InsightSome genetic diseases can be detected by looking at...
Sex-linked Disorders01:43

Sex-linked Disorders

Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.
The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness02:19

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness

The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male traits.
Evolution
Around 300 million years ago, the two sex chromosomes diverged from two identical autosomal chromosomes. Over time, the Y chromosome has lost most of its genes, shrinking in size. Today,...
Next-generation Sequencing03:00

Next-generation Sequencing

The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
Next-Generation Sequencing Methods
Although all next-generation methods use different technologies, they all share a set of standard features.

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Collaborative genetic mapping of 12 forensic short tandem repeat (STR) loci on the human X chromosome.

Forensic science international. Genetics·2012
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[Carbon monoxide poisoning from indoor barbecues--incidents reported to the German-speaking Poison Information Centers and the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) in Berlin].

Archiv fur Kriminologie·2011
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Evaluation of seven X-chromosomal short tandem repeat loci located within the Xq26 region.

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X chromosomal recombination--a family study analysing 39 STR markers in German three-generation pedigrees.

International journal of legal medicine·2009
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Validation of six closely linked STRs located in the chromosome X centromere region.

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Nomenclature discrepancies in the HPRTB short tandem repeat.

International journal of legal medicine·2009

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

2D and 3D Chromosome Painting in Malaria Mosquitoes
09:57

2D and 3D Chromosome Painting in Malaria Mosquitoes

Published on: January 6, 2014

X-chromosomal markers: past, present and future.

Reinhard Szibor1

  • 1Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany. reinhard.szibor@medizin.uni-magdeburg.de

Forensic Science International. Genetics
|December 17, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Forensic science now uses X-chromosomal markers for advanced DNA testing. New kits enable stable haplotype analysis for identifying distant relatives, enhancing forensic genetics applications.

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

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07:34

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Published on: February 23, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Forensic genetics
  • Human genetics
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Clinical genetics experience inspired the use of X-chromosomal markers in forensics.
  • Over 30 short tandem repeats (STRs) are currently established forensic markers.

Observation:

  • Joint typing of closely linked STRs generates stable haplotypes.
  • These haplotypes are valuable for establishing relationships between distant relatives.

Findings:

  • The Argus X-8 kit is a new, commercially available tool for ChrX typing.
  • This kit facilitates the analysis of X-chromosomal markers.

Implications:

  • X-chromosomal testing offers powerful applications in forensic genetics.
  • Future developments in forensic X-chromosomal testing are discussed.