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Clinical Imaging of Microwave Mammography

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Published on: November 14, 2025

Quantification of embolic showers using radio-frequency based TCD analysis.

M G A Lipperts¹, L D C Sauren, J G Maessen

¹Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Academic Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.

Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology

|December 17, 2008

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A new algorithm using radiofrequency signals from transcranial Doppler (TCD) accurately quantifies cerebral microembolic showers during surgery. This improved detection of microemboli can better assess neurologic risk and patient outcomes.

Area of Science:

Neurology
Biomedical Engineering
Cardiovascular Surgery

Background:

Microemboli generated during cardiac procedures can cause postoperative neurologic complications.
Accurate quantification of cerebral microembolic load is needed to correlate with patient outcomes.
Existing transcranial Doppler (TCD) systems lack precision in detecting microembolic showers.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and evaluate a novel algorithm for accurately quantifying cerebral microembolic showers.
To improve the detection sensitivity for microembolic signals compared to conventional TCD methods.

Main Methods:

An algorithm utilizing the radiofrequency (RF) signal from TCD systems was designed for high temporal resolution.
The algorithm's performance was evaluated by three independent observers on a training dataset.

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Sensitivity was compared against the automatic detection algorithm of existing TCD devices.

Main Results:

The proposed RF-based algorithm demonstrated a sensitivity at least one order of magnitude better than current TCD detection methods.
The algorithm provides accurate quantitative estimation of cerebral microemboli during embolic showers.
Independent observers confirmed the enhanced detection capabilities of the new method.

Conclusions:

Radiofrequency-based emboli detection offers a significant advancement in quantifying microembolic showers.
This technology can potentially become a standard addition to conventional TCD monitoring.
Accurate embolic load estimation aids in quantifying neurologic risk during surgical interventions.