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Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology01:14

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...
Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

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Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
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DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...
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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Updated: Jun 27, 2026

An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System
07:02

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Published on: January 12, 2011

Neurologic injuries in hockey.

Richard A Wennberg1, Howard B Cohen, Stephanie R Walker

  • 1Division of Neurology, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. r.wennberg@utoronto.ca

Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America
|December 17, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ice hockey carries risks for neurologic injuries, including a significant danger of concussion and a rare but serious threat of cervical spinal cord injury.

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Neurology
  • Traumatology

Background:

  • Ice hockey is a high-speed contact sport with inherent risks of injury.
  • Neurologic injuries are a significant concern in ice hockey players.
  • Previous literature highlights various head and spinal trauma in the sport.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of neurologic injuries in ice hockey.
  • To identify the most critical neurologic risks based on scientific literature.
  • To synthesize current knowledge on head and spinal cord injuries in the sport.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of scientific literature on ice hockey neurologic injuries.
  • Analysis of reported cases of head trauma and spinal cord injuries.
  • Categorization and assessment of injury incidence and severity.

Main Results:

  • Concussions are highly prevalent among ice hockey players.
  • Catastrophic cervical spinal cord injuries, though rare, represent a severe risk.
  • Neurologic injuries are a major health concern in this contact sport.

Conclusions:

  • Concussions and cervical spinal cord injuries are the paramount neurologic concerns in ice hockey.
  • Awareness and prevention strategies for these specific injuries are crucial.
  • Further research may be needed to mitigate these risks in athletes.