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Related Concept Videos

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology01:14

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...
Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction01:28

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...
Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...

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Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Training Rats to Voluntarily Dive Underwater: Investigations of the Mammalian Diving Response
11:56

Training Rats to Voluntarily Dive Underwater: Investigations of the Mammalian Diving Response

Published on: November 12, 2014

Neurologic injuries from scuba diving.

Jodi Hawes1, E Wayne Massey

  • 1Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.

Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America
|December 17, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scuba diving, a popular sport, can cause neurologic injuries. Data from the Divers Alert Network (DAN) helps understand these diving-related injuries in US and Canadian divers.

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Training Rats to Voluntarily Dive Underwater: Investigations of the Mammalian Diving Response
11:56

Training Rats to Voluntarily Dive Underwater: Investigations of the Mammalian Diving Response

Published on: November 12, 2014

Spinal Hernia Repair and Cauda Equina Repositioning After Lumbar Decompression under Three-Dimensional Microscopy: A Case Report and Literature Review
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Area of Science:

  • Diving Medicine
  • Neurology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Scuba (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus) diving has been a popular sport since the 1970s, with millions of certified divers in the US.
  • The Divers Alert Network (DAN) has collected diving injury data for US and Canadian divers since 1987.
  • Understanding the epidemiology of diving injuries is crucial for diver safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the characteristics of neurologic injuries resulting from scuba diving.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of diving injury data collected by the Divers Alert Network (DAN).
  • Focus on injuries specifically affecting the nervous system in scuba divers.

Main Results:

  • The study examines epidemiologic characteristics of scuba diving injuries.
  • Neurologic injuries are a significant concern in the diving population.

Conclusions:

  • Neurologic injuries are an important aspect of scuba diving safety.
  • Continued study of DAN data can inform prevention and treatment strategies for diving-related neurologic conditions.