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Related Concept Videos

The Thoracic Cage: Ribs01:20

The Thoracic Cage: Ribs

Ribs are curved, flattened bones forming the thoracic cavity wall with the thoracic muscles. There are 12 pairs of thoracic ribs. The posterior ends of all the ribs articulate with the T1–T12 thoracic vertebrae. In contrast,the anterior ends of most ribs attach to the sternum via their costal cartilages.
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A typical rib has a head, neck, and body. The posterior end of the rib is called the head, followed by a narrow neck. The head articulates primarily with the costal facet...
The Thoracic Cage: Sternum01:17

The Thoracic Cage: Sternum

The thoracic or rib cage forms the body's thorax (chest) portion. Its primary function in the body is to protect vital organs in the thoracic cavity, such as the heart and the lungs. It consists of 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages and the sternum. The ribs are anchored posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12).
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Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity01:15

Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity

Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.
Flail Chest-I01:24

Flail Chest-I

Overview of Flail Chest
Flail chest is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition characterized by the fracture of three or more adjacent ribs in multiple places. It is most commonly caused by direct impacts and trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents or injuries from a steering wheel impact. It can also occur due to falls in elderly individuals with osteoporosis, or assaults involving sharp objects.
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Pressure Relationships in Thoracic Cavity

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Normal Strain under Axial Loading01:20

Normal Strain under Axial Loading

Normal strain under axial loading is an important concept in the field of mechanics of materials. Axial loading implies the application of a force along the axis of a material, like a column or bar. This force can either compress or stretch the material. In the context of axial loading, normal strain is the deformation experienced by the material in the direction of the loading force. It's calculated as the change in length divided by the original length of the material. This unitless ratio...

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A Pulmonary Trunk Banding Model of Pressure Overload Induced Right Ventricular Hypertrophy and Failure
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Rib cage strain pattern as a function of chest loading configuration.

Xavier Trosseille1, Pascal Baudrit, Tiphaine Leport

  • 1LAB PSA Peugeot-Citroën RENAULT, 132 rue des Suisses, 92000 Nanterre, France. xavier.trosseille@lab-france.com

Stapp Car Crash Journal
|December 17, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study measured rib strains in cadavers during simulated car crashes. Results reveal how different impact directions and airbag deployments affect rib fracture patterns and severity.

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Biaxial Mechanical Characterizations of Atrioventricular Heart Valves
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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Injury Biomechanics
  • Automotive Safety

Background:

  • Rib fractures are common severe chest injuries (AIS3+) in crashes.
  • Rib cage behavior and actual rib strains during impacts are poorly understood.
  • Existing data often lacks direct rib strain measurements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify rib strains under various impact and airbag deployment scenarios.
  • To analyze rib fracture patterns and timing relative to crash events.
  • To compare impactor and airbag loading effects on the rib cage.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a test protocol using 8 Post-Mortem Human Subjects (PMHS).
  • Instrumented PMHS ribs with up to 96 strain gauges.
  • Applied frontal, oblique, and lateral impacts using an impactor and airbag systems.
  • Varied airbag distance and direction for specific tests.

Main Results:

  • Detailed strain patterns were recorded for different loading directions (frontal, oblique, lateral).
  • Significant differences in strain distribution were observed between impactor and airbag loading.
  • Analysis identified the timing and location of rib fractures based on test configuration.

Conclusions:

  • Direct rib strain measurement provides crucial data on chest injury mechanisms.
  • Understanding strain patterns aids in improving vehicle safety systems and injury prediction.
  • This research offers a foundation for more accurate biomechanical models of thoracic trauma.