Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Self-Report Tests of Personality

Self-Report Tests of Personality

Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.

Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification

Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification

Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...

Self-Esteem

Self-Esteem

Self-esteem, a core aspect of psychological well-being, reflects an individual's positive and negative self-evaluation in terms of worth, competence, and overall value. It is both a stable trait and a dynamic process, influenced by experiences and social interactions across the lifespan. While global self-esteem offers a general assessment, research highlights that self-esteem is multidimensional and varies across specific life domains.Domain-Specific Self-EsteemResearchers have delineated...

Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model

Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model

The Self-Evaluation Maintenance (SEM) model offers a psychological framework to understand how individuals’ self-esteem is influenced by the achievements of others, particularly those with whom they share close personal bonds. The SEM model operates when personal rather than social identity guides individuals. Central to this model is the notion that individuals have an inherent desire to preserve a favorable self-image, which is continuously shaped by interpersonal comparisons and...

Strategies of Self-Presentation III: Self-Monitoring

Strategies of Self-Presentation III: Self-Monitoring

Self-monitoring is a central construct in understanding individual differences in self-presentation strategies across social contexts. It refers to how individuals observe, regulate, and control their expressive behavior and self-presentation following situational cues. Self-monitoring reflects a person's sensitivity to social appropriateness and willingness to adapt behavior to fit varying interpersonal demands.High vs. Low Self-Monitoring IndividualsIndividuals high in self-monitoring are...

Self-Schemas

Self-Schemas

In general, a schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Further evidence for the cognitive disruption and self-talk frequency hypothesis.

Frontiers in psychology·2026

Same author

Comparing incomparables: commentary on "measuring the frequency of inner-experience characteristics".

Frontiers in psychology·2024

Same author

Self-talk: research challenges and opportunities.

Frontiers in psychology·2023

Same author

Impacts of university lockdown during the coronavirus pandemic on college students' academic achievement and critical thinking: A longitudinal study.

Frontiers in psychology·2022

Same author

Trait Mindfulness, Self-Compassion, and Self-Talk: A Correlational Analysis of Young Adults.

Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland)·2022

Same author

Editorial: Exploring the Nature, Content, and Frequency of Intrapersonal Communication.

Frontiers in psychology·2020

Same journal

Comparing the Psychometric Characteristics of Two 32-Item Versions of the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems: An Extended Replication Study in English and Dutch.

Journal of personality assessment·2026

Same journal

Psychometric Evaluation of a Contextualized Version of the German BFI-2 for the Digital World Across Self- and Other-Ratings.

Journal of personality assessment·2026

Same journal

Case Studies with the Rorschach Test: A Systematic Literature Review.

Journal of personality assessment·2026

Same journal

A Stratified Analysis of Body Perception, Interoception and Somatosensory Brain Processing in Healthy Adults.

Journal of personality assessment·2026

Same journal

Predicting the Level of Suicide Risk with the MMPI-3.

Journal of personality assessment·2026

Same journal

Strengths Knowledge Scale (SKS) and Strengths Use Scale (SUS): Revisiting Psychometric Properties and Gender Invariance in the General Spanish Population.

Journal of personality assessment·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Videos

The self-talk scale: development, factor analysis, and validation.

Thomas M Brinthaupt¹, Michael B Hein, Tracey E Kramer

¹Department of Psychology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA. tbrintha@mtsu.edu

Journal of Personality Assessment

|December 17, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces the Self-Talk Scale (STS) to measure how often people engage in self-talk. The new scale provides a reliable tool for researchers studying self-talk

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

Psychology
Behavioral Science

Background:

Self-talk is theorized to significantly influence daily behavior and self-regulation.
Existing measures may not adequately capture the nuances of self-talk in nonclinical populations.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate a new scale measuring the frequency of self-talk.
To provide a psychometrically sound instrument for research on self-talk.

Main Methods:

Development of the Self-Talk Scale (STS) for nonclinical adults.
Factor analysis to determine the scale's structure.
Multiple studies (n=5) to assess reliability and validity.

Main Results:

The STS demonstrated an acceptable factor structure with four dimensions: Social Assessment, Self-Criticism, Self-Reinforcement, and Self-Management.
The scale exhibited good test-retest reliability.
Preliminary construct validity was established across studies.

Conclusions:

The Self-Talk Scale (STS) is a reliable and valid measure for assessing self-talk frequency in adults.
The STS can facilitate further research into the role of self-talk in behavior and self-regulation.
The findings have implications for understanding and potentially intervening in self-talk patterns.