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Related Concept Videos

Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...
Veins of Upper Limbs01:17

Veins of Upper Limbs

The human circulatory system, a marvel of biological engineering, is a complex network of vessels that transport blood throughout the body. Among these, the veins responsible for carrying blood from the upper limbs are divided into two categories: deep and superficial.
The deep venous system is primarily composed of the ulnar and radial veins. The ulnar vein, which drains the fingers through the superficial palmar venous arches, and the radial vein, which serves the palms via the deep palmar...
Arteries of Lower Limbs01:20

Arteries of Lower Limbs

The external iliac artery transitions out of the body cavity, entering the femoral region of the lower leg, and is renamed the femoral artery at the point where it traverses the body wall. This artery is responsible for the distribution of blood to the thigh's deep muscles and the skin's ventral and lateral regions, achieved through several minor branches and the lateral deep femoral artery, which also spawns a lateral circumflex artery. The knee area receives blood from the genicular artery,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Vascularized Composite Upper Limb Allograft Harvesting for Proximal Arm Allotransplantation
08:11

Vascularized Composite Upper Limb Allograft Harvesting for Proximal Arm Allotransplantation

Published on: June 13, 2025

A rare constellation of multiple upper limb anomalies.

S Wadhwa1, N Vasudeva, J M Kaul

  • 1Department of Anatomy, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India. wadhwa.surbhi@gmail.com

Folia Morphologica
|December 17, 2008
PubMed
Summary

This study details a rare set of upper limb anatomical variations found in a cadaver, including nerve and artery anomalies. Understanding these variations is crucial for medical professionals.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Vascularized Composite Upper Limb Allograft Harvesting for Proximal Arm Allotransplantation
08:11

Vascularized Composite Upper Limb Allograft Harvesting for Proximal Arm Allotransplantation

Published on: June 13, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Anatomy
  • Embryology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Anatomical variations are common but unusual combinations can present diagnostic and surgical challenges.
  • The musculocutaneous nerve and brachial artery are key structures in the upper limb with well-defined typical pathways.

Observation:

  • A routine cadaver dissection revealed a unique cluster of unilateral upper limb anomalies.
  • These included an axillary arch, absence of the typical musculocutaneous nerve, and direct innervation by the lateral cord.

Findings:

  • The observed variations also featured a variant superficial brachial artery, anomalous origin of the common interosseous artery, and a superficial ulnar artery.
  • This specific constellation of anomalies provides insight into developmental pathways.

Implications:

  • Recognition of these combined variations is vital for accurate diagnosis in clinical practice.
  • Understanding the embryological basis aids in predicting and managing such anatomical anomalies during surgical procedures.