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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
10:07

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Published on: February 10, 2015

Morphological parameters of the acromion.

G Paraskevas1, A Tzaveas, B Papaziogas

  • 1Department of Human Anatomy, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece. g_paraskevas@yahoo.gr

Folia Morphologica
|December 17, 2008
PubMed
Summary

This study analyzed acromial (shoulder bone) shapes, finding curved types most common. Differences in acromial morphology between sexes may link to shoulder injuries.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic surgery
  • Human anatomy
  • Radiology

Background:

  • The acromion's morphology significantly influences shoulder biomechanics.
  • Variations in acromial shape are implicated in rotator cuff pathology.
  • Understanding acromial morphometrics is crucial for diagnosing and treating shoulder impingement syndrome.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To document the fundamental morphometric characteristics of the acromion.
  • To investigate the relationship between acromial shape, sex, symmetry, and subacromial enthesophytes.
  • To classify acromial types using the Bigliani classification system.

Main Methods:

  • Examination of 44 pairs of dried human scapulas.
  • Evaluation of acromial shape, symmetry, and presence of enthesophytes.
  • Classification of acromial morphology into Bigliani types I (flat), II (curved), and III (hooked).

Main Results:

  • Acromial types observed: Type I (26.1%), Type II (55.6%), Type III (18.1%).
  • Type III was more prevalent in males (56.2%), while Type I was more common in females (56.5%).
  • Acromial morphology was symmetric in 65.9% of cases; enthesophytes were most frequent in Type III (75%).

Conclusions:

  • Significant sex-based differences in acromial morphology were identified.
  • The high variability in acromial features is potentially associated with rotator cuff issues.
  • Acromial shape and features are important considerations in shoulder pathology.