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Related Concept Videos

Types of Toxins01:36

Types of Toxins

Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...
Environmental Applications of Microorganisms01:30

Environmental Applications of Microorganisms

Microorganisms play a pivotal role in maintaining ecosystem balance by recycling essential elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as supporting processes like bioremediation, wastewater treatment, and biofuel production.Microbes in Elemental CyclesIn the carbon cycle, microorganisms decompose organic matter, releasing carbon dioxide via aerobic respiration. This carbon dioxide is subsequently used by photosynthetic organisms to synthesize organic compounds, closing the...
Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

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The Periodic Table and Organismal Elements00:57

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Elements are the smallest units of matter that cannot be broken down further by chemical processes. There are 118 known elements, but not all of these are naturally-occurring, and fewer still are essential for life. Living matter is composed primarily of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen, with smaller amounts of other elements like calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur. Other elements are also necessary for life but only in trace amounts.The Periodic Table Provides Information about...
The Periodic Table and Organismal Elements01:27

The Periodic Table and Organismal Elements

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Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Transport of Surface-modified Carbon Nanotubes through a Soil Column
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Published on: April 2, 2015

Nanomaterials in the environment: behavior, fate, bioavailability, and effects.

Stephen J Klaine1, Pedro J J Alvarez, Graeme E Batley

  • 1Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Biology, Clemson University, P.O. Box 709 Pendleton, South Carolina 29672, USA. sklaine@clemson.edu

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
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PubMed
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Nanomaterials in products raise environmental concerns. Research on their fate, behavior, and toxicity in ecosystems is limited, highlighting the need for more studies and standardized testing methods.

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Ecotoxicology

Background:

  • Advances in nanotechnology have led to widespread use of nanomaterials across industries.
  • This increased application raises concerns about potential environmental impacts and uncertainties.
  • Understanding the environmental behavior of manufactured nanomaterials is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review key aspects of nanomaterials in the environment.
  • To discuss the known fate, behavior, disposition, and toxicity of manufactured nanomaterials.
  • To critique existing research and identify knowledge gaps.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing nanomaterial research.
  • Focus on studies in freshwater, marine, and soil environments.
  • Analysis of research concerning colloidal behavior and toxicology.

Main Results:

  • Significant paucity of existing research on nanomaterial environmental impacts.
  • Current understanding of nanomaterial fate, behavior, and toxicity is limited.
  • Identified need for standardized methodologies and reference materials.

Conclusions:

  • Urgent need for comprehensive research on nanomaterials in various environmental compartments.
  • Future research should build upon existing knowledge of colloidal science and toxicology.
  • Development of standardized testing materials and protocols is essential for reliable environmental risk assessment.