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Related Concept Videos

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways

Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but this inhibition is released...
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones01:26

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood glucose levels...

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Live Images of GLUT4 Protein Trafficking in Mouse Primary Hypothalamic Neurons Using Deconvolution Microscopy
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Published on: December 7, 2017

Chromium and insulin resistance.

Richard A Anderson1

  • 1Nutrient Requirements and Functions Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, ARS, Building 307, Room 224 BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA. Anderson@307.bhnrc.usda.gov

Nutrition Research Reviews
|December 18, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chromium (Cr) supplementation may improve insulin sensitivity and glucose control, particularly in individuals with suboptimal Cr intake. Further well-controlled studies are needed to confirm its benefits for insulin resistance and related metabolic conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Nutritional Biochemistry
  • Metabolic Health
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Insulin resistance impairs glucose metabolism, potentially leading to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.
  • Chromium (Cr) is a nutrient linked to glucose and lipid metabolism.
  • Modern diets low in Cr and high in refined carbohydrates can deplete Cr stores.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of chromium (Cr) in insulin resistance and associated metabolic abnormalities.
  • To assess the evidence for Cr supplementation in improving insulin sensitivity and related health markers.
  • To identify criteria for future well-controlled studies on Cr and insulin resistance.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing studies involving human subjects and experimental animals on Cr nutrition.
  • Analysis of variables including insulin sensitivity, glucose levels, lipids, and body composition.
  • Identification of gaps and recommendations for future research design.

Main Results:

  • Several studies suggest improved insulin sensitivity, glucose control, and lipid profiles with enhanced Cr nutrition.
  • Some studies have not reported beneficial effects, indicating a need for more research.
  • Cr's benefits are likely limited to individuals with suboptimal Cr intake.

Conclusions:

  • Chromium (Cr) plays a role in glucose metabolism and may benefit individuals with insulin resistance.
  • Well-controlled human studies with specific parameters (e.g., dosage, duration, subject criteria) are needed to confirm Cr's effects.
  • Cr is a nutrient, and its efficacy depends on addressing deficiencies rather than acting as a therapeutic agent.