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Related Concept Videos

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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Steel Manufacturing01:26

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Steel manufacturing is a multi-stage process that begins by smelting iron ore into cast iron in a blast furnace. This initial stage involves layering iron ore with coke, a type of fuel, and crushed limestone within the furnace. The coke is ignited with a high volume of air, leading to the creation of carbon monoxide, which acts to reduce the iron ore to pure iron.
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EDTA titrations are usually carried out in highly basic conditions, where the fully deprotonated form of EDTA, Y4−, actively complexes with the free metal ions in the solution. Several metal ions precipitate as hydrous oxide (hydroxides, oxides, or oxyhydroxides) under these conditions, lowering the concentration of free metal ions in the solution. For this reason, auxiliary complexing agents or ligands such as ammonia, tartrate, citrate, or triethanolamine are used in EDTA titrations to...
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Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

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The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 31, 2025

Quantitating Iron Transport Across the Mouse Placenta In Vivo Using Nonradioactive Iron Isotopes
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Iron fortification of infant formula.

R J Moy1

  • 1Institute of Child Health, University of Birmingham, Whittal Street, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK.

Nutrition Research Reviews
|December 18, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Iron fortification in infant formula needs careful consideration. Lower iron levels may prevent deficiency without impacting other minerals or infant health, differing from current US recommendations.

Area of Science:

  • Nutrition Science
  • Pediatric Health
  • Food Fortification

Background:

  • Iron deficiency is a significant concern in infants.
  • Infant formula is a primary source of nutrition for many infants.
  • Establishing optimal iron fortification levels is crucial for infant health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the necessity and appropriate levels of iron (Fe) fortification in infant formula.
  • To assess potential adverse effects associated with iron fortification.
  • To compare international recommendations for iron fortification levels.

Main Methods:

  • Review of studies on iron absorption and erythrocyte incorporation.
  • Analysis of clinical trials evaluating different iron fortification levels.

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  • Examination of the impact of iron on other mineral absorption, immune function, and infection rates.

    • Main Results:

    • Increased iron fortification does not significantly enhance iron absorption; bovine lactoferrin is unlikely to improve it further.
    • US recommendations (12 mg/l) lack strong clinical support; lower levels (≤4 mg/l) may suffice.
    • High iron levels may hinder copper and selenium absorption, but concerns regarding immune function and GI issues are unfounded.

    Conclusions:

    • Current evidence suggests lower iron fortification levels in infant formula may be adequate and safer.
    • International recommendations for iron fortification vary significantly, with the US level not strongly supported by clinical data.
    • Follow-on formulas with high iron content offer limited advantages over standard formulas after six months, except as a safety net for at-risk populations.