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Related Concept Videos

Minerals01:26

Minerals

Minerals are essential nutrients that the human body needs in small amounts to work properly. They play a vital role in many bodily functions, such as building strong bones and transmitting nerve impulses. Some minerals are needed for hormone production or to maintain a normal heartbeat. Major minerals include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium, while trace minerals include iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluoride, and selenium.
The Periodic Table and Organismal Elements01:27

The Periodic Table and Organismal Elements

Elements are the smallest units of matter that cannot be broken down further by chemical processes. There are 118 known elements, but not all of these are naturally occurring, and only a few of them are essential for life. Living matter is composed primarily of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen, with smaller amounts of other elements like calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur. Other elements are also necessary for life but only in trace amounts.
Periodic Table Provides Information...
The Periodic Table and Organismal Elements00:57

The Periodic Table and Organismal Elements

Elements are the smallest units of matter that cannot be broken down further by chemical processes. There are 118 known elements, but not all of these are naturally-occurring, and fewer still are essential for life. Living matter is composed primarily of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen, with smaller amounts of other elements like calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur. Other elements are also necessary for life but only in trace amounts.The Periodic Table Provides Information about...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Sulfur Assimilation01:20

Sulfur Assimilation

Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to become...
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Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

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Colorimetric Assessment of Deiodinase 1 Activity in Human Liver Microsomes Using the Sandell-Kolthoff Reaction
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The interactions between selenium and iodine deficiencies in man and animals.

J R Arthur1, G J Beckett, J H Mitchell

  • 1Division of Micronutrient and Lipid Metabolism, Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK. jra@rri.sari.ac.uk

Nutrition Research Reviews
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Iodine (I) deficiency affects up to one billion people, potentially causing irreversible health issues. Selenium (Se) plays a crucial role in thyroid hormone metabolism, influencing the severity of I deficiency and its related health outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Nutritional Science
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Iodine (I) deficiency is a global health concern, affecting up to one billion people and leading to potentially irreversible debilitating effects.
  • Thyroid hormone synthesis, specifically thyroxine and 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3), is impaired by I deficiency, causing hypothyroidism.
  • Selenium (Se) is essential for thyroid hormone metabolism and may significantly influence the consequences of I deficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which selenium (Se) influences the outcome of iodine (I) deficiency.
  • To understand the dual role of Se in thyroid hormone metabolism, including deiodinase activity and protection against oxidative stress.
  • To compare animal models of Se and I deficiency with human I deficiency diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Se and I deficiency and their effects on thyroid hormone metabolism.
  • Analysis of the roles of Se-dependent deiodinases in regulating T3 synthesis and degradation.
  • Examination of the protective functions of selenoperoxidases and thioredoxin reductase against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the thyroid gland.

Main Results:

  • Se deficiency can exacerbate hypothyroidism caused by I deficiency through impaired deiodinase activity and reduced antioxidant protection in the thyroid.
  • Concurrent Se deficiency may offer some protection to the brain by altering deiodinase activity, mitigating the effects of low T3 concentrations.
  • Animal models with Se and I deficiency exhibit altered serum thyroid hormone levels similar to human I deficiency, but lack thyroid involution characteristic of myxedematous cretinism.

Conclusions:

  • Selenium's roles in regulating thyroid hormone levels and protecting the thyroid gland from oxidative stress are key to understanding its interaction with iodine.
  • The absence of thyroid involution in animal models suggests that other factors, such as goitrogens, may interact with Se and I deficiency in human populations.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand the complex interplay between Se, I, and other factors in the development of thyroid disorders.