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Related Concept Videos

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction01:12

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin resulting from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Although it can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. The loss of insulin production impairs cellular glucose uptake, resulting in persistent hyperglycemia and necessitating lifelong insulin therapy.Autoimmune Destruction of β-CellsThe hallmark of type 1 diabetes is an...
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...
Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...
Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction01:26

Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

Diabetes mellitus consists of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. This elevated blood glucose results from defects in insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. Insulin, produced by pancreatic β-cells, is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis by facilitating cellular glucose uptake for energy or storage. Disruptions in insulin production or function lead to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream, causing the clinical features and long-term...

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Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells
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Published on: May 6, 2013

The genetic basis for type 1 diabetes.

Kay L Mehers1, Kathleen M Gillespie

  • 1Medical School Unit, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS105NB, UK.

British Medical Bulletin
|December 18, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genetic factors significantly influence Type 1 diabetes (T1D) risk. Human leukocyte antigen genes are key, with other genes and epigenetic changes also contributing to T1D susceptibility.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Type 1 diabetes (T1D) involves autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta-cells.
  • Increasing T1D incidence necessitates identifying genetically at-risk infants for interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review genetic factors contributing to Type 1 diabetes susceptibility.
  • To highlight the evolution of genetic research in T1D.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature searches on T1D and associated genes.
  • Inclusion of key research papers from the 1970s onwards.

Main Results:

  • Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes on chromosome 6 are the primary genetic determinant of T1D, accounting for about half of the genetic risk.
  • The remaining genetic susceptibility is influenced by multiple genes with smaller individual effects.
  • Historically controversial genetic associations are decreasing due to improved study power.

Conclusions:

  • Investigating the functional impact of T1D-associated genes is crucial for risk assessment and therapeutic targeting.
  • Copy number variants and epigenetic modifications are emerging as significant factors in T1D genetic susceptibility.