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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Mouse Naïve CD4⁺ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

IL-23 modulates CD56+/CD3- NK cell and CD56+/CD3+ NK-like T cell function differentially from IL-12.

Diederik van de Wetering¹, Roelof A de Paus, Jaap T van Dissel

¹Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.

International Immunology

|December 18, 2008

Summary

Interleukin-23 (IL-23) and IL-18 synergistically induce interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in NK-like T cells, but not NK cells. This suggests a role for IL-23 in early immune activation and T(h)1 differentiation.

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Generation of Natural Killer Cells from Human Expanded Potential Stem Cells

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Published on: January 13, 2023

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

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Published on: April 16, 2015

Generation of Natural Killer Cells from Human Expanded Potential Stem Cells

Generation of Natural Killer Cells from Human Expanded Potential Stem Cells

Published on: January 13, 2023

Area of Science:

Immunology
Cellular and Molecular Immunology

Background:

Natural Killer (NK) and NK-like T cells are crucial for innate and adaptive immunity, primarily through interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion.
The precise trigger for IFN-gamma production remains unclear, with Interleukin-12 (IL-12) requiring co-stimulation, while Interleukin-23 (IL-23) and Interleukin-18 (IL-18) are early cytokines secreted by antigen-presenting cells (APCs).

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the effect of IL-23 on IFN-gamma secretion in NK and NK-like T cells.
To elucidate the potential role of early APC-derived IL-23 in initiating NK and NK-like T cell responses.

Main Methods:

Characterization of IFN-gamma secretion from NK and NK-like T cells stimulated with IL-23, IL-18, and IL-12.
Analysis of IL-18 receptor alpha (IL-18Ralpha) and CD56 expression.
Assessment of NK and NK-like T cell proliferation.

Main Results:

IL-23 and IL-18 synergistically induced IFN-gamma production in NK-like T cells, but not in NK cells.
IL-12 and IL-18 induced IFN-gamma secretion in both NK and NK-like T cells.
Synergy between IL-23 and IL-18 in NK-like T cells was associated with increased IL-18Ralpha expression and CD56 upregulation.
IL-23 and IL-18 promoted proliferation of both NK and NK-like T cells.

Conclusions:

APC-derived IL-23 may act as an initial trigger for NK and NK-like T cell activation early in infection.
IL-23's induction of IFN-gamma could provide the necessary co-stimulus for APCs to produce IL-12, thus shaping T(h)1 differentiation.
IL-23 plays a significant role in modulating NK and NK-like T cell responses, particularly in synergy with IL-18.