Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 27, 2026
Heterotopic Hindlimb-to-Neck Transplantation in the Mouse: A Supermicrosurgical Model of Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation
Published on: April 10, 2026
Vascular anatomy of the hamster retractor muscle with regard to its microvascular transfer
M C J de With1, A M de Vries, A B A Kroese
1Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, The Netherlands. dewith@nvpc.nl
Background:
The hamster retractor muscle (RET) is used as an in vivo model in studies of skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion injury. The RET is unique in that the muscle can be isolated while preserving the primary vascular supply so that its contractile function can be measured simultaneously with local microvascular responses to experimental interventions. The goal of this study was to understand the anatomical origin of the vascular supply to the RET and determine whether the RET can be used as a free flap after surgical isolation of the thoracodorsal vessels.
Methods:
Microdissection was performed to determine the anatomy of the vasculature that supplies and drains the RET.
Results:
Distinct numbers and patterns of feed arteries (2-4) and collecting veins (1-3) were identified (n = 26 animals). Dye injection (n = 8) of the thoracodorsal artery demonstrated that the RET remains perfused following its isolation on the thoracodorsal pedicle. Heterotopic allograft transplantation of the RET (n = 2) was performed by anastomosing the thoracodorsal vessels to the femoral vessels using the end-to-side technique.
Conclusions:
The anatomical relationships indicate that the RET can be used as a free flap model for evaluating the effect of preservation strategies and transplantation on skeletal muscle microcirculation and contractile function.
