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Related Concept Videos

Polygenic Traits01:18

Polygenic Traits

When more than one gene is responsible for a given phenotype, the trait is considered polygenic. Human height is a polygenic trait. Studies have uncovered hundreds of loci that influence height, and there are believed to be many more. Due to the high number of genes involved, as well as environmental and nutritional factors, height varies significantly within a given population. The distribution of height forms a bell-shaped curve, with relatively few individuals in the population at the...
Testing a Claim about Mean: Unknown Population SD01:21

Testing a Claim about Mean: Unknown Population SD

A complete procedure of testing a hypothesis about a population mean when the population standard deviation is unknown is explained here.
Estimating a population mean requires the samples to be approximately normally distributed. The data should be collected from the randomly selected samples having no sampling bias. There is no specific requirement for sample size. But if the sample size is less than 30, and we don't know the population standard deviation, a different approach is used; instead...
Types of Selection01:46

Types of Selection

Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
Nature and Nurture01:10

Nature and Nurture

Many human characteristics, like height, are shaped by both nature—in other words, by our genes—and by nurture, or our environment. For example, chronic stress during childhood inhibits the production of growth hormones and consequently reduces bone growth and height. Scientists estimate that 70-90% of variation in height is due to genetic differences among individuals, and 10-30% of variation in height is due to differences in the environments that individuals experience, such as differences...
Variation: Normal Distribution, Range, and Standard Deviation02:32

Variation: Normal Distribution, Range, and Standard Deviation

In the field of psychology, there are several ways to organize measurements of a trait, feature, or characteristic (i.e., variables). Qualitative data, such as ethnicity, can be tabulated into a frequency count to provide information about the proportion, as well as the variety of groups in a sample or population. On the other hand, researchers can perform a wider set of calculations on quantitative data. The mean, mode, and median, for instance, are central tendency measures to identify a...

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Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Quantification of Orofacial Phenotypes in Xenopus
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Published on: November 6, 2014

Size variation in small-bodied humans from palau, micronesia.

Andrew Gallagher1

  • 1School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa. Andrew.Gallagher@wits.ac.za

Plos One
|December 18, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Early human remains from Palau are confirmed as small-bodied. This small stature is an ancestral trait, not a result of island dwarfism, impacting theories on human evolution.

Area of Science:

  • Paleoanthropology
  • Human Evolution
  • Island Biogeography

Background:

  • Recent discoveries in Palau suggest small-bodied human remains potentially indicating insular size reduction.
  • This claim requires statistical validation to confirm the nature of the skeletal morphology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To statistically validate claims of insular size reduction in early human populations from Palau.
  • To determine if the observed small body size is an ancestral trait or a result of adaptation to island environments.

Main Methods:

  • Assessment of 16 published postcranial specimens from Palau.
  • Comparison with recent small-bodied human samples.
  • Application of resampling statistical approaches to test body size hypotheses.

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Main Results:

  • Statistical analysis confirms the Palau postcranial sample represents indisputably small-bodied individuals.
  • The findings indicate a single, homogenous body size morph within the early prehistoric Palauan sample.

Conclusions:

  • Small body size in early Palauans is an ancestral characteristic, not a consequence of in-situ size reduction.
  • These findings have limited implications for hypothesized insular size reduction in the lineage of Homo floresiensis.