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Related Concept Videos

Malaria01:29

Malaria

Malaria pathogenesis in humans reflects a delicate interplay between parasite biology and host response. Clinical illness reflects a host’s immune response to the parasite’s asexual replication cycle, which is often asymptomatic in individuals with partial immunity. From the parasite's perspective, transmission between mosquito and human with minimal host pathology is evolutionarily advantageous. Among the six Plasmodium species infecting humans, P. falciparum and P. vivax dominate in global...
Symbiosis00:58

Symbiosis

Symbiotic relationships are long-term, close interactions between individuals of different species that affect the distribution and abundance of those species. When a relationship is beneficial to both species, this is called mutualism. When the relationship is beneficial to one species but neither beneficial nor harmful to the other species, this is called commensalism. When one organism is harmed to benefit another, the relationship is known as parasitism. These types of relationships often...
Diversity of Protists II01:27

Diversity of Protists II

Alveolates are a group of organisms recognized by the presence of alveoli, which are cytoplasmic sacs located beneath the cell membrane. While their function remains uncertain, alveoli may help regulate water balance by controlling how much water enters and leaves the cell. In dinoflagellates, these structures may serve as armor plates. There are three major types of alveolates: ciliates, which move using cilia; dinoflagellates, which use flagella for movement; and apicomplexans, which are...
American Trypanosomiasis01:22

American Trypanosomiasis

Chagas disease, or American trypanosomiasis, is a vector-borne parasitic infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, a flagellated protozoan (kinetoplastid) of the family Trypanosomatidae. The disease is endemic in Latin America, although cases are increasingly reported worldwide due to human migration. Transmission most commonly occurs when feces of infected triatomine bugs contaminate bite wounds or mucosal surfaces; additional routes include congenital, transfusional, transplant-related, and oral...
Giardiasis01:12

Giardiasis

Giardiasis is a globally prevalent intestinal infection caused by the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis (also known as G. lamblia or G. intestinalis). This flagellated protozoan is the most frequently identified intestinal parasite in the United States and worldwide. Transmission primarily occurs via the fecal-oral route, with infection arising from ingestion of water or food contaminated with cysts. Individuals in low-resource settings, international travelers, outdoor enthusiasts, daycare...
Leishmaniasis01:30

Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis is a protozoal disease caused by species of the genus Leishmania and transmitted through the bite of infected female sandflies. The parasite exists in two principal morphological forms during its life cycle. A sandfly acquires intracellular amastigotes from an infected reservoir host, such as a dog. Within the sandfly, these forms differentiate into motile, flagellated promastigotes. During a subsequent blood meal, promastigotes are injected into the human host, where they...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

In Vitro Assay of Plasmodium-Infected Red Blood Cell Killing by Cytotoxic Lymphocytes
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Published on: August 17, 2022

Plasmodium vivax: who cares?

Mary R Galinski1, John W Barnwell

  • 1Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. mary.galinski@emory.edu

Malaria Journal
|December 19, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Plasmodium vivax malaria, once neglected, is now a focus for global eradication efforts. Research challenges persist, but new genome data and approaches offer hope for P. vivax vaccine development.

Area of Science:

  • Malariology
  • Vaccinology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Global malaria eradication efforts are intensifying, shifting focus to previously neglected species like Plasmodium vivax.
  • Plasmodium vivax causes significant global morbidity, with up to 200 million cases annually, necessitating renewed research attention.
  • Past neglect and research challenges have hindered progress in understanding and controlling P. vivax.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical and current landscape of Plasmodium vivax vaccine development.
  • To highlight the challenges and opportunities in P. vivax research and intervention strategies.
  • To emphasize the need for coordinated efforts in P. vivax research for global malaria eradication.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on P. vivax epidemiology, pathogenesis, and vaccine development.

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  • Analysis of recent advancements, including the P. vivax genome publication.
  • Discussion of challenges in P. vivax research, such as culture systems and biological features.

    • Main Results:

    • Progress in P. vivax vaccine development has been slow due to inherent biological challenges and historical underfunding.
    • The recent publication of the P. vivax genome provides a foundation for identifying new vaccine candidates.
    • Developing reliable long-term culture systems for P. vivax remains a significant hurdle.

    Conclusions:

    • Renewed focus on P. vivax is critical for achieving global malaria eradication.
    • Future efforts require coordinated research, novel vaccine approaches, and utilization of non-human primate models.
    • Understanding unique P. vivax biology, including hypnozoites, and comparative studies with P. falciparum are essential.
    • Training future malariologists is crucial for advancing P. vivax research and developing effective interventions.