Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene

Sulfonation of benzene is a reaction wherein benzene is treated with fuming sulfuric acid at room temperature to produce benzenesulfonic acid. Fuming sulfuric acid is a mixture of sulfur trioxide and concentrated sulfuric acid.

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles. However, nucleophilic aromatic substitutions can be forced under certain conditions, such as high temperatures or strong bases. The mechanism of substitution under such conditions involves the highly unstable and reactive benzyne intermediate. Benzyne contains equivalent carbon centers at both ends of the triple bond, each of which is equally susceptible to nucleophilic attack. This 50–50 distribution of products is confirmed through isotopic...

Amines to Sulfonamides: The Hinsberg Test

Amines to Sulfonamides: The Hinsberg Test

The Hinsberg test is a method to identify primary, secondary and tertiary amines, named after its pioneer, Oscar Hinsberg. Here, amines are treated with benzenesulfonyl chloride, also known as the Hinsberg reagent, in the presence of an excess of aqueous base, followed by acidification. Based on the nature of the amines, different changes are observed.
Generally, a primary amine reacts with the Hinsberg reagent to produce an N-substituted benzenesulfonamide. The electron-withdrawing sulfonyl...

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.

Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines

Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines

Various carboxylic acid derivatives (such as acid chlorides, esters, and anhydrides) can be used for the acylation of amines to yield amides. The reaction requires two equivalents of amines. The first amine molecule functions as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to produce a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the loss of the leaving group and restoration of the C=O bond.
Next, the second equivalent of amine serves as a Brønsted base and deprotonates the quaternary amide...

Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions

Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions

Arenediazonium substitution reactions occur when the diazonium group is substituted by various functional groups such as halides, hydroxyl, nitrile, etc. For instance, arenediazonium salts react with copper(I) salts of chloride, bromide, or cyanide to form corresponding aryl chlorides, bromides, and nitriles. These reactions are named Sandmeyer reactions. Although the mechanism of this reaction is complicated, as illustrated in Figure 1, they are believed to progress via an aryl copper...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Discovery of a Potent Small Molecule Antagonist of GRPR for the Treatment of Pruritus.

Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents·2026

Same author

A pathogenic Tau mutation drives autophagy-lysosome dysfunction that limits Tau degradation in a model of frontotemporal dementia.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Sequelae and reversal of age-dependent alterations in mitochondrial dynamics via autophagy enhancement in reprogrammed human neurons.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025

Same author

Targeting hepatocyte-specific SLC2A8 blocks hepatic steatosis and dissociates TCA cycle flux inhibition from glutamine anaplerosis.

Hepatology communications·2025

Same author

Pyrimethamine and a potent analog inhibit NRF2 by suppressing one-carbon metabolism.

The Journal of biological chemistry·2025

Same author

Bioassay-guided Isolation of SARS-CoV-2 Viral Entry Inhibitors From the Brown Algae Lobophora variegata Identifies Fucoxanthin as a Selective ACE-2/Spike Inhibitor.

Chemistry & biodiversity·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine

Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine

Published on: June 13, 2022

CB2 selective sulfamoyl benzamides: optimization of the amide functionality.

Allan J Goodman¹, Christopher W Ajello, Karin Worm

¹Department of Chemistry, Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, PA 19341, USA. agoodman@adolor.com

Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters

|December 19, 2008

Summary

Sulfamoyl benzamides show promise as cannabinoid receptor ligands for pain relief. Oral administration of compound 40 requires a cytochrome P450 inhibitor for efficacy, suggesting metabolic challenges.

More Related Videos

Visualization of Bacterial Resistance using Fluorescent Antibiotic Probes

Visualization of Bacterial Resistance using Fluorescent Antibiotic Probes

Published on: March 2, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine

Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine

Published on: June 13, 2022

Visualization of Bacterial Resistance using Fluorescent Antibiotic Probes

Visualization of Bacterial Resistance using Fluorescent Antibiotic Probes

Published on: March 2, 2020

Area of Science:

Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry
Neuroscience

Background:

Sulfamoyl benzamides were previously identified as novel cannabinoid receptor ligands.
Cannabinoid receptors play a role in pain modulation.

Purpose of the Study:

To optimize sulfamoyl benzamides into potent cannabinoid receptor ligands.
To evaluate the antiallodynic activity of optimized compounds in a rodent pain model.

Main Methods:

Synthesis and optimization of sulfamoyl benzamide derivatives.
Administration of compounds via intraperitoneal and oral routes in a rodent pain model.
Coadministration with ABT (a cytochrome P450 suicide inhibitor) to assess metabolic stability.

Main Results:

The reverse amide 40, an optimized sulfamoyl benzamide, demonstrated significant antiallodynic effects upon intraperitoneal administration.
Oral administration of compound 40 alone did not yield significant antiallodynic activity.
Coadministration of compound 40 with ABT restored efficacy after oral administration, indicating rapid metabolism.

Conclusions:

Optimized sulfamoyl benzamides, like compound 40, are effective in managing pain-related behaviors.
The pharmacokinetic profile of compound 40 suggests rapid metabolism by cytochrome P450 enzymes.
Further development may require strategies to overcome metabolic limitations for oral drug delivery.