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Related Concept Videos

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.
Restarting Stalled Replication Forks02:37

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart, a...
Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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Riboswitches01:56

Riboswitches

Riboswitches are non-coding mRNA domains that regulate the transcription and translation of downstream genes without the help of proteins. Riboswitches bind directly to a metabolite and can form unique stem-loop or hairpin structures in response to the amount of the metabolite present. They have two distinct regions – a metabolite-binding aptamer and an expression platform.
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Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

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Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches01:23

Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches

Riboswitches are RNA elements that regulate gene expression by altering their secondary structures in response to specific effector molecules. These elements, located in the leader regions of certain mRNAs, act as transcriptional regulators by toggling between alternative conformations to control downstream gene expression. Riboswitch-mediated regulation is a precise mechanism for modulating biosynthetic pathways, as exemplified by the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway in Bacillus...

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Updated: Jun 25, 2026

In Vivo Detection and Analysis of Rb Protein SUMOylation in Human Cells
09:40

In Vivo Detection and Analysis of Rb Protein SUMOylation in Human Cells

Published on: November 2, 2017

SUMOylation regulates Rad18-mediated template switch.

Dana Branzei1, Fabio Vanoli, Marco Foiani

  • 1IFOM, the FIRC Institute for Molecular Oncology Foundation, IFOM-IEO Campus, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy. dana.branzei@ifom-ieo-campus.it

Nature
|December 19, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals that Rad18 protein is crucial for DNA damage bypass at replication forks in yeast, coordinating template switching and recombination via PCNA ubiquitylation and SUMOylation pathways.

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Real-time Observation of the DNA Strand Exchange Reaction Mediated by Rad51

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Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

In Vivo Detection and Analysis of Rb Protein SUMOylation in Human Cells
09:40

In Vivo Detection and Analysis of Rb Protein SUMOylation in Human Cells

Published on: November 2, 2017

In Vitro SUMOylation Assay to Study SUMO E3 Ligase Activity
09:45

In Vitro SUMOylation Assay to Study SUMO E3 Ligase Activity

Published on: January 29, 2018

Real-time Observation of the DNA Strand Exchange Reaction Mediated by Rad51
06:24

Real-time Observation of the DNA Strand Exchange Reaction Mediated by Rad51

Published on: February 13, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Template switching is a key mechanism for DNA damage bypass and gap filling during replication.
  • Gap-filling repair involves homologous recombination and polyubiquitylation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) mediated by Rad18 and Rad5.
  • Coordination between these repair pathways and physical evidence for template switching at replication forks remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the coordination between DNA damage bypass, homologous recombination, and PCNA ubiquitylation.
  • To provide physical evidence for Rad18-Rad5-dependent template switching at replication forks.
  • To elucidate the roles of PCNA ubiquitylation and SUMOylation in replication-coupled recombination.

Main Methods:

  • Genetic approaches in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  • Physical detection of X-shaped sister chromatid junctions (SCJs).
  • Analysis of PCNA polyubiquitylation and SUMOylation pathways.

Main Results:

  • Rad18 is essential for forming SCJs at damaged replication forks, involving PCNA polyubiquitylation via Mms2 and Ubc13.
  • Damage bypass through SCJs requires Ubc9, SUMOylated PCNA, and is coordinated with Rad51-dependent recombination.
  • The study proposes that Rad18-Rad5-Mms2-dependent SCJs represent template switch events.

Conclusions:

  • PCNA ubiquitylation and SUMOylation pathways are critical for promoting transient, damage-induced, replication-coupled recombination events.
  • Sister chromatid junctions at replication forks play a role in these recombination events.
  • This work unmasks a coordinated mechanism for DNA damage tolerance involving template switching and recombination.