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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
Muscle Coordination and Action01:24

Muscle Coordination and Action

Muscle coordination is a complex and finely tuned process essential for smooth and purposeful movements like flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation. The human body orchestrates the actions of various muscles working in concert, each with a specific role. Four functional types describe how muscles work together: agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator.
Agonists
Agonist muscles, often called prime movers, are the primary muscles responsible for producing a specific movement.
Anatomical Movements00:51

Anatomical Movements

Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body's joints and muscles. These movements are described using specific terms to provide a standardized way of discussing and understanding the range of motion at different joints.
Here are some common anatomical movements:
Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior–posterior) plane of motion. These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist, metacarpophalangeal,...
Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
06:09

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography

Published on: March 12, 2021

Changes in shoulder muscle function with humeral position: a graphical description.

Philippe Favre1, Hilaire A C Jacob, Christian Gerber

  • 1Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. pfavre@research.balgrist.ch

Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery
|December 20, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study visualizes how scapulohumeral muscles change roles with arm position using biomechanical models. Understanding these muscle functions aids in assessing arm motion and identifying compensatory strategies.

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Rat Model of Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder
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Rat Model of Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder

Published on: September 28, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
06:09

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography

Published on: March 12, 2021

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
10:07

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact

Published on: February 10, 2015

Rat Model of Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder
04:46

Rat Model of Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Human Anatomy
  • Kinesiology

Background:

  • The shoulder joint's complex movements involve numerous muscles.
  • Understanding individual muscle contributions to shoulder motion is crucial for biomechanical analysis.
  • Previous models may not fully capture the dynamic role changes of scapulohumeral muscles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To graphically describe the changing roles of scapulohumeral muscles relative to spatial joint positions.
  • To provide a detailed biomechanical analysis of shoulder muscle function during elevation and flexion.
  • To highlight the importance of muscle segmentation in biomechanical modeling.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a biomechanical model and the tendon travel method to calculate moment arms.
  • Collected data for arm elevation and flexion within a specific spatial range.
  • Emphasized graphical representation of muscle function.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that segments of the same muscle can exhibit antagonistic actions.
  • Illustrated the dynamic changes in muscle roles across different joint positions.
  • Provided a visual understanding of muscle contributions to shoulder movement.

Conclusions:

  • Muscle segmentation is critical for accurate biomechanical models of the shoulder.
  • Graphical muscle function data, combined with electromyography, enhances assessment of active muscle function.
  • This approach aids in identifying impaired muscles and potential compensatory muscles in clinical cases.