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Next-generation Sequencing

Next-generation Sequencing

The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
Next-Generation Sequencing Methods
Although all next-generation methods use different technologies, they all share a set of standard features.

Genomics

Genomics

Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...

RNA-seq

RNA-seq

RNA sequencing, or RNA-Seq, is a high-throughput sequencing technology used to study the transcriptome of a cell. Transcriptomics helps to interpret the functional elements of a genome and identify the molecular constituents of an organism. Additionally, it also helps in understanding the development of an organism and the occurrence of diseases.
Before the discovery of RNA-seq, microarray-based methods and Sanger sequencing were used for transcriptome analysis. However, while microarray-based...

Sanger Sequencing

Sanger Sequencing

DNA sequencing is a fundamental technique that is routinely used in the biological sciences. This method can be applied to a range of questions at different scales - from the sequencing of a cloned DNA fragment or the study of a mutation in a gene up to whole-genome sequencing. However, despite the widespread use of sequencing today, it was not until 1977 that Fredrick Sanger and his collaborators developed the chain-termination method to decode DNA sequences. It relies on the separation of a...

Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing

Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing

In the same year as the discovery of the Sanger sequencing method, another group of scientists, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert, demonstrated their chemical-cleavage method for DNA sequencing. The Maxam-Gilbert method relies on using different chemicals that can cleave the DNA sequence at specific sites, the separation of resulting DNA fragments of variable size using electrophoresis, and deciphering the DNA sequence from the resulting gel bands.
Challenges of the Maxam-Gilbert Method
The...

Genome Annotation and Assembly

Genome Annotation and Assembly

The genome refers to all of the genetic material in an organism. It can range from a few million base pairs in microbial cells to several billion base pairs in many eukaryotic organisms. Genome assembly refers to the process of taking the DNA sequencing data and putting it all back together in a correct order to create a close representation of the original genome. This is followed by the identification of functional elements on the newly assembled genome, a process called genome annotation.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Next-generation Sequencing of 16S Ribosomal RNA Gene Amplicons

Next-generation Sequencing of 16S Ribosomal RNA Gene Amplicons

Published on: August 29, 2014

Epigenetics meets next-generation sequencing.

¹Harvard Medical School Center for Biomedical Informatics, Harvard-Partners Center for Genetics and Genomics, HST Informatics Program at Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. peter_park@harvard.edu

|December 23, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq) offers higher resolution and less noise than ChIP-chip for mapping DNA-binding proteins. Data analysis for ChIP-seq presents challenges due to larger data volumes.

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Next-generation Sequencing of 16S Ribosomal RNA Gene Amplicons

Next-generation Sequencing of 16S Ribosomal RNA Gene Amplicons

Published on: August 29, 2014

Targeted DNA Methylation Analysis by Next-generation Sequencing

Targeted DNA Methylation Analysis by Next-generation Sequencing

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Targeted Next-generation Sequencing and Bioinformatics Pipeline to Evaluate Genetic Determinants of Constitutional Disease

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Published on: April 4, 2018

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Genomics
Bioinformatics

Background:

Chromatin immunoprecipitation on tiled microarrays (ChIP-chip) has been used for genome-wide mapping of DNA-binding proteins and histone modifications.
Next-generation sequencing technologies are transforming molecular biology research.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce and describe the advantages of ChIP-sequencing (ChIP-seq) as a superior alternative to ChIP-chip.
To outline the challenges associated with the computational and statistical analysis of ChIP-seq data.

Main Methods:

ChIP followed by direct sequencing of DNA fragments (ChIP-seq).
Comparison of ChIP-seq with ChIP-chip for genome-wide mapping applications.

Main Results:

ChIP-seq provides superior data quality with reduced noise and higher resolution compared to ChIP-chip.
ChIP-seq generates significantly larger datasets than ChIP-chip.

Conclusions:

ChIP-seq is expected to replace ChIP-chip in the near future for genome-wide mapping studies.
Effective computational and statistical analysis is crucial for extracting biological insights from ChIP-seq data due to its large volume.