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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response01:31

Regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response

Inositol-requiring kinase one or IRE1 is the most conserved eukaryotic unfolded protein response (UPR) receptor. It is a type I transmembrane protein kinase receptor with a distinctive site-specific RNase activity. As the binding mechanics of the misfolded proteins with the N-terminal domain of IRE-1 are unclear, three binding models — direct, indirect, and allosteric -- are proposed for receptor activation. Nevertheless, it is known that once a misfolded protein associates with IRE1, it...
Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply01:24

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylase and factor...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

A Simple Bioassay for the Evaluation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
09:04

A Simple Bioassay for the Evaluation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors

Published on: March 15, 2016

A stress-responsive RNA switch regulates VEGFA expression.

Partho Sarothi Ray1, Jie Jia, Peng Yao

  • 1Department of Cell Biology, The Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.

Nature
|December 23, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered a novel RNA switch in human vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGFA) mRNA. This switch integrates interferon-gamma and hypoxia signals to control VEGFA translation in myeloid cells.

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Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

A Simple Bioassay for the Evaluation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
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Published on: March 15, 2016

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Overexpressing Long Noncoding RNAs Using Gene-activating CRISPR
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Gene Regulation
  • RNA Biology

Background:

  • Non-coding RNA regions regulate gene expression through ligand binding.
  • Riboswitches and other RNA switches respond to metabolites or protein-bound metabolites.
  • These systems are found in bacteria, fungi, and plants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize a novel RNA switch in human vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGFA) mRNA.
  • To investigate how this switch integrates environmental signals to modulate gene expression.
  • To understand the mechanism of VEGFA translation regulation in myeloid cells.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of the VEGFA mRNA 3' untranslated region (UTR).
  • Investigation of protein binding to the VEGFA 3' UTR in response to stimuli.
  • Characterization of conformational changes in the RNA switch.

Main Results:

  • A metabolite-independent RNA switch was identified in the human VEGFA mRNA 3' UTR.
  • This switch integrates signals from interferon (IFN)-gamma and hypoxia.
  • The switch's conformational change is regulated by the mutually exclusive binding of the IFN-gamma-activated inhibitor of translation complex and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (HNRNPL).

Conclusions:

  • The VEGFA mRNA 3' UTR acts as a novel RNA switch, regulating VEGFA translation in myeloid cells.
  • This switch is protein-dependent and integrates multiple environmental signals.
  • It may represent a new class of RNA switches evolved for gene regulation in multicellular animals.