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Related Concept Videos

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol
13:09

Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol

Published on: April 1, 2018

Abnormal affective responsiveness in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: subtype differences.

Annette Conzelmann1, Ronald F Mucha, Christian P Jacob

  • 1Department of Psychology (Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy), University of Würzburg, Marcusstrasse 9-11,Würzburg, Germany.

Biological Psychiatry
|December 23, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients exhibit blunted emotional reactivity, particularly those with hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. This emotional dysfunction affects their startle response to pleasant and unpleasant stimuli.

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10:02

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Published on: March 12, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Emotional-motivational dysfunctions are linked to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), especially hyperactive and impulsive symptoms.
  • The affective modulation of the startle reflex is a key indicator of emotional processing.
  • Understanding these mechanisms can help differentiate ADHD subtypes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the affective modulation of the startle reflex in adult ADHD patients.
  • To compare emotional processing across different ADHD subtypes (combined, inattentive, hyperactive-impulsive).
  • To examine differences in valence and arousal ratings of emotional stimuli.

Main Methods:

  • 197 unmedicated adult ADHD patients (combined, inattentive, hyperactive-impulsive subtypes) and 128 healthy controls participated.
  • Affect-modulated startle response was measured using pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant picture stimuli.
  • Participants also provided valence and arousal ratings for the stimuli.

Main Results:

  • Healthy controls showed startle response modulation (attenuation for pleasant, potentiation for unpleasant stimuli).
  • ADHD-HI and ADHD-C groups did not show attenuation to pleasant stimuli; ADHD-HI also lacked potentiation to unpleasant stimuli.
  • ADHD-I showed reduced, but present, attenuation to pleasant stimuli. ADHD-HI rated stimuli more positively and reported less arousal to unpleasant stimuli.

Conclusions:

  • This study is the first to examine affect-modulated startle response in ADHD, confirming emotional dysfunctions.
  • All ADHD subtypes displayed diminished emotional reactions to pleasant stimuli.
  • Blunted emotional reactivity, particularly to unpleasant stimuli, was pronounced in hyperactive-impulsive ADHD subtypes, suggesting potential for differentiating ADHD presentations.