Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview

Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics examine how genetic factors influence an individual's response to drugs. While pharmacogenetics focuses on the impact of specific genetic variants on drug effects, pharmacogenomics takes a broader approach, studying how genetic variation across populations contributes to differences in drug responses. These fields aim to explain why individuals may experience varying levels of efficacy or adverse reactions to the same medication.Variability in drug...

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview

Genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism is crucial to the inter-individual variability observed in drug responses. Drug metabolism primarily involves the chemical modification of drugs and other xenobiotics to enhance their elimination by increasing their polarity. Two main classes of enzymes mediate this biotransformation process: Phase I enzymes, primarily cytochrome P450s, catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions, while other enzymes, such as esterases, mediate hydrolysis, and Phase II...

Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants

Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants

The human genome is over 99.9% identical between individuals, yet genetic differences exist at millions of bases. The human genome contains approximately 3 million variant positions per individual, many of which are heterozygous, contributing to genetic diversity and individual traits. Genetic variations include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, and copy number variations (CNVs).SNPs, the most common variation, involve single-base changes in DNA. These can be...

Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes

Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes

Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are a superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases that play a pivotal role in Phase I drug metabolism by catalyzing oxidation and reduction reactions.These enzymes transform lipophilic xenobiotics into more hydrophilic metabolites, facilitating subsequent Phase II conjugation and eventual excretion. The CYP450 family is classified into families (e.g., CYP1–CYP3) and subfamilies (e.g., CYP2A, CYP2C), based on amino acid sequence homology.CYP450 isoenzymes,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Bridging the Rural Mental Health Gap: Telehealth Delivery of Specialized CBT and MBCT for Veterans With Parkinson's Disease.

The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association·2026

Same author

Oral decitabine and cedazuridine for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes: an integrated review of clinical, economic and patient-centered evidence.

Expert review of anticancer therapy·2025

Same author

BNC210, an α7 Nicotinic Receptor Modulator, in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.

NEJM evidence·2024

Same author

Patients' perspectives on oral decitabine/cedazuridine for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes/neoplasms.

Therapeutic advances in hematology·2024

Same author

Plain language summary of the FOENIX-CCA2 study: futibatinib for people with advanced bile duct cancer.

Future oncology (London, England)·2024

Same author

Futibatinib for <i>FGFR2</i>-Rearranged Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma.

The New England journal of medicine·2023

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Drug Repurposing Hypothesis Generation Using the "RE:fine Drugs" System

Drug Repurposing Hypothesis Generation Using the "RE:fine Drugs" System

Published on: December 11, 2016

Payer perspectives on pharmacogenomics testing and drug development.

Robert S Epstein¹, Felix W Frueh, Dawn Geren

¹Medco Health Solutions, Inc., 100 Parsons Pond Drive, Franklin Lakes, NJ 07417, USA. robert_epstein@medco.com

Pharmacogenomics

|December 24, 2008

Summary

Panelists recommend key data for pharmacogenomic test coverage decisions. They emphasize comparative data, cost offsets, and clear FDA labeling for better drug selection and dosing.

More Related Videos

Cost-Efficient Transcriptomic-Based Drug Screening

Cost-Efficient Transcriptomic-Based Drug Screening

Published on: February 23, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Drug Repurposing Hypothesis Generation Using the "RE:fine Drugs" System

Drug Repurposing Hypothesis Generation Using the "RE:fine Drugs" System

Published on: December 11, 2016

Cost-Efficient Transcriptomic-Based Drug Screening

Cost-Efficient Transcriptomic-Based Drug Screening

Published on: February 23, 2024

Area of Science:

Pharmacogenomics
Health Economics
Health Policy

Background:

Pharmacogenomic tests promise to improve drug selection and dosing.
Coverage determination requires robust data on test utility and value.

Purpose of the Study:

To gather expert recommendations on data and study design for pharmacogenomic test coverage.
To identify key considerations for health plans, government, and employers.

Main Methods:

A panel of health plan, government, and employer representatives was surveyed.
Questions focused on data and study design for coverage determination of hypothetical drugs and pharmacogenomic tests.

Main Results:

Seven key areas for consideration were identified for drug developers.
Recommendations include comparative data, negative predictive value, cost offsets, risk assessment, policy implications, responder rates, and FDA labeling.

Conclusions:

Expert input highlights critical factors for evaluating pharmacogenomic innovations.
Addressing these areas can facilitate informed coverage decisions and promote the field's potential.