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Related Concept Videos

Observational Learning01:12

Observational Learning

Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning because...
Introduction to Learning01:18

Introduction to Learning

Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge or skills through practice or experience, leading to long-lasting behavioral changes. This acquisition occurs through interaction with the environment and requires practice or experience. For instance, mastering a skill such as surfing requires considerable practice and experience, highlighting the essential role of repeated interactions with the environment in learning.
In contrast to learned behaviors, unlearned behaviors such as crying, sexual...
Associative Learning01:27

Associative Learning

Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a bonus...
Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness01:14

Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness

Avoidance learning and learned helplessness are critical concepts in understanding behavioral responses to negative stimuli.
Avoidance learning occurs when an organism learns that a specific behavior can prevent an unpleasant outcome. For example, a student who receives a bad grade may start studying harder to avoid future poor grades. This behavior persists even when the negative outcome is no longer present. Avoidance learning is powerful because it maintains behavior in the absence of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

A View of Their Own: Capturing the Egocentric View of Infants and Toddlers with Head-Mounted Cameras
03:56

A View of Their Own: Capturing the Egocentric View of Infants and Toddlers with Head-Mounted Cameras

Published on: October 5, 2018

Learning scenes from multiple views: novel views can be recognized more efficiently than learned views.

David Waller1, Alinda Friedman, Eric Hodgson

  • 1Depaertment od Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, USA. wallerda@muohio.edu

Memory & Cognition
|December 24, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Participants recognized novel views of scenes more efficiently than familiar ones, suggesting the brain integrates spatial information from multiple perspectives, not just single experiences.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

A View of Their Own: Capturing the Egocentric View of Infants and Toddlers with Head-Mounted Cameras
03:56

A View of Their Own: Capturing the Egocentric View of Infants and Toddlers with Head-Mounted Cameras

Published on: October 5, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Visual Perception
  • Spatial Cognition

Background:

  • Scene recognition is fundamental to navigation and interaction.
  • Previous models suggested recognition relies on matching current views to single stored experiences.
  • Understanding how the brain processes multiple viewpoints is crucial for cognitive science.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether novel perspectives of a scene are recognized more efficiently than recently learned familiar views.
  • To examine the role of multiple spatial views in scene recognition.
  • To challenge single-experience matching models of recognition.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments involved training participants to recognize a scene from four specific vantage points.
  • Participants then recognized the scene from trained perspectives and novel intermediate perspectives.
  • Recognition speed and accuracy were measured for both familiar and novel views.

Main Results:

  • Novel views were recognized more efficiently (faster) than recently learned familiar views in both experiments.
  • In Experiment 2, initial recognition of a novel stimulus was faster and more accurate than a familiar view.
  • These results indicate a benefit for recognizing novel perspectives over recently encoded ones.

Conclusions:

  • Scene recognition likely involves integrating spatial information from multiple viewpoints, rather than relying on single past experiences.
  • The findings support psychological mechanisms that combine spatial data across different perspectives.
  • This challenges simpler models of recognition and highlights the brain's sophisticated spatial processing capabilities.