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Related Concept Videos

Assembly of Signaling Complexes01:30

Assembly of Signaling Complexes

Multiprotein signaling complexes are formed in a dynamic process involving protein-protein interactions at the cytoplasmic domain of transmembrane receptors or enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins associated with the receptor. These complexes ensure the activation and propagation of intracellular signals that regulate cell functions.
Interaction domains in cell signaling
Interaction domains recognize exposed features of their binding partners containing post-translationally modified sequences,...
MAPK Signaling Cascades01:07

MAPK Signaling Cascades

Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions01:17

Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions

Integrins act both as extracellular input receivers and as intracellular processing activators. As their name suggests, integrins are entirely integrated into the membrane structure. Their hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions interact with the phospholipid bilayer's hydrophobic region. These membrane receptors provide extracellular attachment sites for effectors like hormones and growth factors. They activate intracellular response cascades when their effectors are bound and active.
Some...
The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Generation of Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells with Differing Sialylated Phenotypes
13:36

Generation of Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells with Differing Sialylated Phenotypes

Published on: October 20, 2023

Scaffold proteins and immune-cell signalling.

Andrey S Shaw1, Erin L Filbert

  • 1Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA. ashaw@wustl.edu

Nature Reviews. Immunology
|December 24, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Scaffold proteins are key regulators of immune cell signaling pathways. This review highlights their crucial roles in immune cell function, localization, and signal modulation.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Significant advancements have been made in understanding immune cell signaling pathways over the last two decades.
  • Scaffold proteins have emerged as critical regulators within these complex signaling cascades.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent progress in understanding the function of scaffold proteins in immune cells.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which scaffold proteins regulate immune cell signaling.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on recent studies.
  • Analysis of the roles of scaffold proteins in immune cell signaling pathways.

Main Results:

  • Scaffold proteins bind multiple signaling components, localizing them within the cell.

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Myeloid Innate Signaling Pathway Regulation by MALT1 Paracaspase Activity
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Myeloid Innate Signaling Pathway Regulation by MALT1 Paracaspase Activity

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Generation of Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells with Differing Sialylated Phenotypes
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  • They enhance the efficacy and modulate the dynamics of signaling pathways.
  • Scaffold proteins influence signaling thresholds through feedback coordination.

    • Conclusions:

    • Scaffold proteins play a pivotal role in the functional regulation of immune cells.
    • Understanding scaffold protein function is essential for comprehending immune cell behavior and developing targeted therapies.