Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.

General Anesthesia: Overview

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...

Stages of General Anesthesia

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Incidence of hiccups with remimazolam compared to propofol: a systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis.

British journal of anaesthesia·2026

Same author

Perioperative Anesthetic Management in Cancer Patients Receiving Strong Opioids: A Retrospective Study from a Single Center with Palliative Care Team Involvement.

Journal of pain & palliative care pharmacotherapy·2026

Same author

Enhancement of the capacity of a healthcare team through real-time information-sharing using a wireless intercom system: a prospective simulation study.

BMJ open·2026

Same author

Postoperative Hypoxemia Caused by Atelectasis Due to an Unrecognized Tracheal Bronchus After Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: A Case Report.

Cureus·2026

Same author

DNMT gene expression in peripheral leukocytes in schizophrenia and correlations with one-carbon metabolites: folate, total homocysteine, and vitamin B6.

Frontiers in psychiatry·2026

Same author

Correction to: Opioid use in patients aged 90 years or older with terminal cancer in a palliative care unit: a single-center retrospective observational study.

Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Induction of an Isoelectric Brain State to Investigate the Impact of Endogenous Synaptic Activity on Neuronal Excitability In Vivo

Induction of an Isoelectric Brain State to Investigate the Impact of Endogenous Synaptic Activity on Neuronal Excitability In Vivo

Published on: March 31, 2016

[Remifentanil for awake craniotomy].

Mariko Aoki¹, Rieko Kurihara, Takahisa Goto

¹Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama 236-0004.

Masui. the Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology

|December 26, 2008

Summary

Remifentanil effectively managed awake craniotomy patients, providing comfort and alertness without significant respiratory depression. Its rapid titration makes it ideal for precise intraoperative analgesia and sedation adjustments.

Area of Science:

Anesthesiology
Neurosurgery

Background:

Awake craniotomy requires careful intraoperative management of patient comfort, alertness, and respiratory function.
Balancing sedation and analgesia is critical for successful awake craniotomy procedures.

Observation:

Two cases of awake craniotomy were successfully managed using remifentanil infusions.
Low doses of remifentanil (0.02-0.05 microg x kg(-1) min(-1)), with or without propofol, were administered during the intraoperative awake period (2-2.5 hours).

Findings:

Patients remained comfortable and sufficiently awake for tasks.
No excessive respiratory depression was observed.
Remifentanil's rapid titratability due to its short duration of action allowed precise control.

More Related Videos

Chronic Cranial Window Technique for Repeated Cortical Recordings During Anesthesia in Pigs

Chronic Cranial Window Technique for Repeated Cortical Recordings During Anesthesia in Pigs

Published on: June 6, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Induction of an Isoelectric Brain State to Investigate the Impact of Endogenous Synaptic Activity on Neuronal Excitability In Vivo

Induction of an Isoelectric Brain State to Investigate the Impact of Endogenous Synaptic Activity on Neuronal Excitability In Vivo

Published on: March 31, 2016

Chronic Cranial Window Technique for Repeated Cortical Recordings During Anesthesia in Pigs

Chronic Cranial Window Technique for Repeated Cortical Recordings During Anesthesia in Pigs

Published on: June 6, 2025

Implications:

Remifentanil demonstrates utility in awake craniotomy, facilitating precise titration of analgesia and sedation.
This approach may enhance patient safety and procedural success in neurosurgical interventions requiring intraoperative patient cooperation.