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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System I: Health History01:21

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System I: Health History

The genitourinary system is critical to maintaining fluid balance, waste elimination, and reproductive function. Nurses play a vital role in assessing this system, beginning with a thorough health history. This process involves gathering patient information, identifying risk factors, and recognizing symptoms of genitourinary disorders. Early detection is vital for timely interventions and management.1. Gathering Patient InformationA complete health history includes the patient’s personal,...
Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
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Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract01:28

Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract

The human urogenital system, once thought to be sterile in healthy individuals, is now recognized as a complex microbial habitat. Advancements in molecular sequencing techniques have revealed that even in healthy adults, the kidneys and bladder harbor microbial populations similar to those found in the distal urethra, albeit in much lower abundance. These resident microorganisms, while generally innocuous, can become opportunistic pathogens under conditions that alter the urogenital...
Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

An Orthotopic Model of Murine Bladder Cancer
09:07

An Orthotopic Model of Murine Bladder Cancer

Published on: February 6, 2011

Gender-specific differences in bladder cancer: a retrospective analysis.

Marcus Horstmann1, Ralf Witthuhn, Markus Falk

  • 1Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Federal Republic of Germany. marcus.horstmann@med.uni-tuebingen.de

Gender Medicine
|December 26, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Men have a higher incidence of bladder cancer than women. While women are diagnosed later and have less aggressive tumors, they experience worse survival rates with muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

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Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

An Orthotopic Model of Murine Bladder Cancer
09:07

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An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies
07:48

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment of Carcinogen-induced Murine Bladder Tumors
05:19

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment of Carcinogen-induced Murine Bladder Tumors

Published on: March 29, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Oncology
  • Gender Medicine

Background:

  • Bladder cancer incidence is higher in men than women.
  • Clinical gender differences in bladder cancer are not well-described.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine clinical differences in bladder cancer development and manifestation between men and women.
  • To compare tumor characteristics and survival rates based on gender.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 1,269 patients (876 men, 393 women) with bladder cancer treated between 1969-1997.
  • Comparison of age, tumor classification, localization, and recurrence between sexes.
  • Statistical analysis using t-test, chi-squared test, Kaplan-Meier, and log-rank tests.

Main Results:

  • Male-to-female bladder cancer incidence ratio was 2.2:1.
  • Men were diagnosed at a younger age (62 vs. 67 years).
  • Women with muscle-invasive bladder cancer showed worse overall survival than men.

Conclusions:

  • Gender influences bladder cancer incidence and presentation.
  • Women diagnosed with bladder cancer are older and present with less aggressive tumors.
  • Muscle-invasive bladder cancer poses a greater survival challenge for women.