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Related Concept Videos

The Nucleus01:32

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression and precisely regulates the production of proteins within the cell. In contrast, the DNA inside the mitochondria and chloroplast only carries out functions that are specific to those organelles.
Arrangement of DNA within Nucleus
The regulation of gene expression inside the nucleus is dependent on many factors, including the DNA structure. The...
The Nucleus01:25

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression and precisely regulates the production of proteins within the cell. In contrast, the DNA inside the mitochondria and chloroplast only carries out functions that are specific to those organelles.
Arrangement of DNA within Nucleus
The regulation of gene expression inside the nucleus is dependent on many factors, including the DNA structure. The...
The Nucleus01:25

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression and precisely regulates the production of proteins within the cell. In contrast, the DNA inside the mitochondria and chloroplast only carries out functions that are specific to those organelles.
Arrangement of DNA within Nucleus
The regulation of gene expression inside the nucleus is dependent on many factors, including the DNA structure. The...
Additional Subnuclear Structures02:10

Additional Subnuclear Structures

The eukaryotic nucleus is a double membrane-bound organelle that contains nearly all of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes. It is rightly called the “brain” of the cell as it shoulders the responsibility of responding to various physiological processes, stress, altered metabolic conditions, and other cellular signals. 
The nucleus contains many membrane-less subnuclear organelles or nuclear bodies, such as nucleoli, Cajal bodies, speckles, paraspeckles, etc. These nuclear...
Nuclear Localization Signals and Import01:46

Nuclear Localization Signals and Import

Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry short stretches of amino acid sequences called the nuclear localization signal or NLS. Classical nuclear localization signals are of two types: monopartite and bipartite NLS. Monopartite classical NLS (cNLS) consists of a single cluster of 4-8 amino acids. Bipartite cNLS consists of two clusters of  2-3 amino acids and a 9-12 residue long proline-rich linker bridging the two clusters. Signal clusters are rich in positively charged amino acids such as...
Nuclear Export01:42

Nuclear Export

The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
NES are of three types- the canonical 10-residue long leucine-rich signal and other...

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A Direct Force Probe for Measuring Mechanical Integration Between the Nucleus and the Cytoskeleton
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A Direct Force Probe for Measuring Mechanical Integration Between the Nucleus and the Cytoskeleton

Published on: July 29, 2018

Bursting into the nucleus.

Gerald R Crabtree1, Isabella A Graef

  • 1Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.

Science Signaling
|December 26, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Calcium (Ca2+) triggers the Crz1 transcription factor to enter the nucleus in yeast through brief, unsynchronized bursts. The frequency of these bursts, not their size, is controlled by Ca2+, coordinating gene expression.

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Spatiotemporally Controlled Nuclear Translocation of Guests in Living Cells Using Caged Molecular Glues as Photoactivatable Tags
10:10

Spatiotemporally Controlled Nuclear Translocation of Guests in Living Cells Using Caged Molecular Glues as Photoactivatable Tags

Published on: January 17, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Molecular biology
  • Cellular signaling
  • Yeast genetics

Background:

  • Extracellular calcium ions (Ca2+) are crucial signaling molecules in various cellular processes.
  • The transcription factor Crz1 plays a key role in the yeast response to Ca2+.
  • Nuclear localization of Crz1 activates the expression of specific target genes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dynamics of Crz1 nuclear entry in response to Ca2+.
  • To determine how Ca2+ concentration influences the pattern of Crz1 nuclear translocation.
  • To understand the relationship between Crz1 nuclear entry dynamics and target gene expression.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized live-cell imaging techniques to monitor Crz1 localization in yeast cells.
  • Applied quantitative analysis to characterize the frequency and amplitude of Crz1 nuclear entry events.
  • Manipulated extracellular Ca2+ concentrations to assess their impact on Crz1 dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Crz1 nuclear entry occurs in discrete, stochastic bursts rather than a continuous flow.
  • These bursts are unsynchronized across the cell population.
  • Extracellular Ca2+ levels modulate the frequency of Crz1 bursts, but not their amplitude.
  • Changes in burst frequency correlate with coordinated expression of Crz1 target genes.

Conclusions:

  • Ca2+-mediated regulation of Crz1 nuclear entry is dynamic and burst-like.
  • The frequency of these stochastic bursts is a key regulatory parameter controlled by Ca2+.
  • This burst-frequency modulation provides a mechanism for coordinating gene expression in response to calcium signaling.