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Related Concept Videos

Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Culturing and Measuring Fetal and Newborn Murine Long Bones
06:58

Culturing and Measuring Fetal and Newborn Murine Long Bones

Published on: April 26, 2019

Physical activity increases bone mass during growth.

Magnus K Karlsson1, Anders Nordqvist, Caroline Karlsson

  • 1Clinical and Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Department of Orthopaedics, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.

Food & Nutrition Research
|December 26, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Regular exercise during childhood and adolescence is crucial for building strong bones. Physical activity, combined with proper nutrition, helps increase peak bone mass, leading to better skeletal health and reduced fracture risk later in life.

Keywords:
bone massbone mineral content, BMCbone mineral density, BMDexercisegrowthnutritionphysical activityskeletal structure

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Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
07:56

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Published on: January 29, 2018

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Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Culturing and Measuring Fetal and Newborn Murine Long Bones
06:58

Culturing and Measuring Fetal and Newborn Murine Long Bones

Published on: April 26, 2019

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
07:56

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Published on: January 29, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Exercise physiology
  • Bone biology
  • Nutritional science

Background:

  • Rising incidence of fragility fractures in recent decades.
  • Bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) are key determinants of fracture risk.
  • Strategies to increase peak bone mass and mitigate age-related bone loss are critical for skeletal health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of exercise in optimizing peak bone mass.
  • To examine the interplay between exercise, nutrition, and skeletal development.
  • To evaluate exercise as a preventative strategy against fractures.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search of MEDLINE (PubMed) using keywords related to exercise, physical activity, and bone health.
  • Inclusion of studies focusing on exercise during growth and young adolescence.
  • Prioritization of evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for robust conclusions.

Main Results:

  • Exercise during the growth period significantly enhances peak bone mass.
  • Moderate-intensity exercise programs positively impact skeletal development.
  • Optimal skeletal benefits require exercise to be complemented by adequate nutrition.

Conclusions:

  • Exercise during growth promotes the development of a more robust skeleton.
  • Higher peak bone mass achieved through exercise contributes to improved bone strength.
  • Exercise may lead to larger bone size, further enhancing skeletal resistance to fracture.