Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Coronavirus01:29

Coronavirus

Coronaviruses, including the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), are enveloped viruses characterized by their single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome and helical nucleocapsid structure. The hallmark of these viruses is their club-shaped spike (S) glycoproteins that protrude from the viral envelope, facilitating attachment to host cells. Typically, coronaviruses infect the upper respiratory tract, often causing mild or asymptomatic disease. However, certain strains like...
cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways01:25

cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways

Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) is an essential second messenger that activates protein kinase A (PKA) and regulates various biological processes. A single epinephrine molecule binds to GPCR and activates several heterotrimeric G proteins, each stimulating multiple adenylyl cyclase, amplifying the signal, and synthesizing large numbers of cAMP molecules. Small changes in cAMP concentration affect PKA activity. The binding of four cAMP molecules induces a conformational change in PKA,...
The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity01:09

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity

Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of cells.
Two...
MAPK Signaling Cascades01:07

MAPK Signaling Cascades

Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The Characteristics of Vagal Response During Radiofrequency Pulmonary Vein Isolation in Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation With Heart Failure.

Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology·2026
Same author

Epithelial Sodium Channel in the Respiratory System: A Bibliometric Review of Recent Studies.

Biology·2026
Same author

New proteomic biomarkers identified in plasma extracellular vesicles in sarcoidosis: a case-control matched study.

Frontiers in immunology·2026
Same author

Flotation Reagent Stress-Induced Extracellular Polymeric Substance Protein Secondary Structure in <i>Shewanella oneidensis</i> MR-1 Dictates the Morphology and Performance of Extracellular Polymeric Substance-Mediated ZnS Quantum Dots.

Biomacromolecules·2026
Same author

Association between complete blood cell count-derived inflammatory indices and left atrial thrombus in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: a cross-sectional study.

Frontiers in medicine·2026
Same author

The cell with many faces: lung macrophage plasticity and function in response to environmental and pathogenic insults.

Physiological reviews·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Assessment of Mitochondrial Functions and Cell Viability in Renal Cells Overexpressing Protein Kinase C Isozymes
15:43

Assessment of Mitochondrial Functions and Cell Viability in Renal Cells Overexpressing Protein Kinase C Isozymes

Published on: January 7, 2013

SARS-CoV proteins decrease levels and activity of human ENaC via activation of distinct PKC isoforms.

Hong-Long Ji1, Weifeng Song, Zhiqian Gao

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama 35233-6810, USA.

American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology
|December 30, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) proteins S and E impair lung fluid clearance by reducing epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) activity. This occurs via protein kinase C (PKC) activation, decreasing ENaC levels on lung epithelial cells.

More Related Videos

Overexpressing and Purifying a Toxic Nuclease from Escherichia coli
08:13

Overexpressing and Purifying a Toxic Nuclease from Escherichia coli

Published on: August 29, 2025

Studying RNA Interactors of Protein Kinase RNA-Activated during the Mammalian Cell Cycle
10:05

Studying RNA Interactors of Protein Kinase RNA-Activated during the Mammalian Cell Cycle

Published on: March 5, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Assessment of Mitochondrial Functions and Cell Viability in Renal Cells Overexpressing Protein Kinase C Isozymes
15:43

Assessment of Mitochondrial Functions and Cell Viability in Renal Cells Overexpressing Protein Kinase C Isozymes

Published on: January 7, 2013

Overexpressing and Purifying a Toxic Nuclease from Escherichia coli
08:13

Overexpressing and Purifying a Toxic Nuclease from Escherichia coli

Published on: August 29, 2025

Studying RNA Interactors of Protein Kinase RNA-Activated during the Mammalian Cell Cycle
10:05

Studying RNA Interactors of Protein Kinase RNA-Activated during the Mammalian Cell Cycle

Published on: March 5, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Cell Biology
  • Respiratory Medicine

Background:

  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection can cause fatal lung failure.
  • Alveolar fluid balance is crucial for lung function, regulated by epithelial sodium channels (ENaC).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of SARS-CoV structural proteins S and E in regulating ENaC activity and alveolar fluid clearance.
  • To determine the mechanism by which SARS-CoV proteins affect ENaC function.

Main Methods:

  • Coexpression of SARS-CoV S and E proteins with human ENaC subunits in Xenopus oocytes.
  • Measurement of amiloride-sensitive sodium currents and ENaC protein levels.
  • Analysis of ENaC exocytosis and endocytosis rates.
  • Investigation of protein kinase C (PKC) involvement using specific inhibitors.
  • Transfection of human airway epithelial cells with SARS-CoV E protein.

Main Results:

  • SARS-CoV S and E proteins significantly decreased amiloride-sensitive Na(+) currents and plasma membrane ENaC levels.
  • These viral proteins affected ENaC exocytosis and endocytosis rates.
  • Downregulation of ENaC activity was restored by PKC inhibitors, implicating PKC activation.
  • Expression of SARS-CoV E protein in human airway cells reduced amiloride-sensitive currents.

Conclusions:

  • SARS-CoV S and E proteins contribute to lung edema in SARS infection by impairing alveolar fluid clearance.
  • This impairment is mediated by the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) by SARS-CoV proteins.
  • PKC activation leads to reduced ENaC levels and activity at the apical surface of lung epithelial cells.