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Related Concept Videos

Radical Autoxidation01:20

Radical Autoxidation

The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...
Enzymes02:34

Enzymes

Inside living organisms, enzymes act as catalysts for many biochemical reactions involved in cellular metabolism. The role of enzymes is to reduce the activation energies of biochemical reactions by forming complexes with its substrates. The lowering of activation energies favor an increase in the rates of biochemical reactions.
Enzyme deficiencies can often translate into life-threatening diseases. For example, a genetic abnormality resulting in the deficiency of the enzyme G6PD...
Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox property is crucial in...
Peroxisomes01:30

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes and mitochondria are two important oxygen-utilizing organelles in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration—the process that converts energy from food into ATP. Peroxisomes carry out a variety of functions, primarily breaking down different substances, such as fatty acids.The peroxisome is a single membrane-bound cellular organelle that can perform several different functions, including lipid metabolism and chemical detoxification. The enzymes within peroxisomes...
Peroxisomes01:24

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes are specialized organelles present in fungi, plant, and animal cells. It can vary in number, size, morphology, and activity depending on the type of tissue and the nutritional state of the cell. For example, cells with active lipid metabolism, such as adipocytes, neurons, and hepatocytes, have more peroxisomes than other cells in the body. Besides their primary role in breaking down complex organic molecules, peroxisomes can also synthesize specific macromolecules and participate in...
Peroxisomes01:24

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes are specialized organelles present in fungi, plant, and animal cells. It can vary in number, size, morphology, and activity depending on the type of tissue and the nutritional state of the cell. For example, cells with active lipid metabolism, such as adipocytes, neurons, and hepatocytes, have more peroxisomes than other cells in the body. Besides their primary role in breaking down complex organic molecules, peroxisomes can also synthesize specific macromolecules and participate in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Resin-Assisted Capture Coupled with Isobaric Tandem Mass Tag Labeling for Multiplexed Quantification of Protein Thiol Oxidation
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Resin-Assisted Capture Coupled with Isobaric Tandem Mass Tag Labeling for Multiplexed Quantification of Protein Thiol Oxidation

Published on: June 21, 2021

[Antioxidative enzymes--structure, properties, functions].

Elzbieta Gałecka1, Renata Jacewicz, Małgorzata Mrowicka

  • 1Uniwersytet Medyczny w Łodzi, Zakład Chemii i Biochemii Klinicznej. galeckaela@wp.pl

Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski : Organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego
|December 31, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mammalian cells produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that impact biological processes. Organisms possess antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutases (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidases (GPx) to combat oxidative stress.

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Imaging Approaches to Assessments of Toxicological Oxidative Stress Using Genetically-encoded Fluorogenic Sensors
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Analysis of Oxidative Stress in Zebrafish Embryos
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Analysis of Oxidative Stress in Zebrafish Embryos

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Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Resin-Assisted Capture Coupled with Isobaric Tandem Mass Tag Labeling for Multiplexed Quantification of Protein Thiol Oxidation
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Analysis of Oxidative Stress in Zebrafish Embryos
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Published on: July 7, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Oxidative Stress Research

Context:

  • Mammalian cells generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) influencing physiological functions.
  • High ROS concentrations induce cellular damage to lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
  • Organisms have evolved defense mechanisms against free radical-induced oxidative stress.

Purpose:

  • To review the structure, properties, and functions of key antioxidant enzymes.
  • To elucidate the role of enzymatic antioxidants in cellular defense.
  • To provide an overview of superoxide dismutases (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidases (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR).

Summary:

  • Cellular defense against oxidative stress involves non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants.
  • Key enzymatic antioxidants include superoxide dismutases (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidases (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR).
  • This review details the structure, properties, and functions of these vital enzymes in living cells.

Impact:

  • Enhances understanding of cellular antioxidant defense systems.
  • Highlights the critical role of specific enzymes in mitigating oxidative damage.
  • Provides foundational knowledge for research in oxidative stress-related diseases.