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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Shear Assay Protocol for the Determination of Single-Cell Material Properties

Shear Assay Protocol for the Determination of Single-Cell Material Properties

Published on: May 19, 2023

Invariant quantities in shear flow.

A Baule¹, R M L Evans

¹School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom. abaule@rockefeller.edu

Physical Review Letters

|December 31, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered universal principles for systems out of thermal equilibrium. A new method using nonequilibrium counterpart to detailed balance (NCDB) provides exact, simple invariant quantities for driven systems, enabling rate calculations.

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Area of Science:

Non-equilibrium statistical mechanics
Complex fluid dynamics
Theoretical physics

Background:

Understanding systems far from thermal equilibrium is challenging due to a lack of universal principles.
Current approaches often treat driven systems, like sheared complex fluids, individually.

Purpose of the Study:

To establish fundamental and universal principles for the dynamics of driven systems out of thermal equilibrium.
To develop a systematic method for calculating transition rates in such systems.

Main Methods:

Derivation of invariant quantities from a nonequilibrium counterpart to detailed balance (NCDB).
Application to mechanically driven steady states, including complex fluids under shear.
Exploration of systems with arbitrary state space connectivity.

Main Results:

Identified a simple set of invariant quantities that are exact and remain unchanged in driven systems.
Demonstrated that these quantities are valid arbitrarily far from equilibrium.
Developed a method enabling systematic calculation of transition rates for driven systems.

Conclusions:

The derived nonequilibrium relations offer a universal framework for studying driven systems.
This approach simplifies the analysis of complex systems far from equilibrium.
Provides a powerful tool for predicting the behavior of driven complex fluids and other systems.