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Related Concept Videos

Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or basic...
Molecular Structure and Acidity02:34

Molecular Structure and Acidity

An acid can be deprotonated to form a conjugate base or an anion. If the produced anion is more stable, then the acid is stronger. On the contrary, if the anion is unstable, then the acid is weaker. Hence, to determine the acidity of the compound, the stability of its conjugate base is studied using various factors.
The size effect explains the change in atomic size on acidity. When comparing the acids formed from elements that belong to the same column in the periodic table, their atomic sizes...
Ions as Acids and Bases02:54

Ions as Acids and Bases

Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
π Molecular Orbitals of the Allyl Cation and Anion01:18

π Molecular Orbitals of the Allyl Cation and Anion

An allyl group is a three-carbon conjugated system where the sp³-hybridized allylic carbon is bonded to a CH=CH2 group via a single bond. Allyl anions can be obtained by treating propene with a strong base that can deprotonate methyl groups. Allyl cations are formed as intermediates during substitution reactions involving allylic halides. In both cases, the hybridization of the allylic carbon changes from sp3 to sp2, giving rise to a carbon chain with three sp2-hybridized carbons, each with an...
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview

Neutral hydrocarbons like cyclopentadiene with an odd number of carbon atoms and one intervening CH2 group in the ring are not aromatic. Cyclopentadiene with 4 π electrons does not satisfy the 4n + 2 π electron rule. Additionally, the intervening CH2 group is sp3 hybridized and lacks a vacant p orbital, thereby interrupting the overlap of p orbitals in a continuous manner and preventing the delocalization of π electrons throughout the ring.
Due to the absence of continuous overlap of p...
Preparation of Acid Anhydrides01:07

Preparation of Acid Anhydrides

One of the methods for preparing symmetrical or unsymmetrical acid anhydrides involves the treatment of acid chlorides with the sodium salt of carboxylic acids. The reaction proceeds via a nucleophilic acyl substitution.
The carboxylate ion acts as a nucleophile that attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Subsequently, the re-formation of the carbonyl group with the loss of the chloride ion as a leaving group leads to the formation of an acid...

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Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F&#8722;
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Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−

Published on: July 27, 2018

The CN7(-) anion.

Thomas M Klapötke1, Jörg Stierstorfer

  • 1Department Chemistry and Biochemistry, Energetic Materials Research, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81377 Munich, Germany. tmk@cup.uni-muenchen.de

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|January 1, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers synthesized novel, high-nitrogen tetrazole salts with potential as primary explosives. Hydrazinium azidotetrazolate exhibits the highest nitrogen content among known tetrazole salts, indicating energetic properties.

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Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Energetic Materials

Background:

  • The synthesis of novel energetic materials is crucial for advancements in various fields, including propellants and explosives.
  • Tetrazole derivatives are known for their high nitrogen content and potential as energetic compounds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize new energetic salts derived from 5-azido-1H-tetrazole.
  • To evaluate the properties of these salts, focusing on their nitrogen content, sensitivity, and energetic performance.

Main Methods:

  • Deprotonation of 5-azido-1H-tetrazole to form various azidotetrazolate salts.
  • Characterization using low-temperature single X-ray diffraction, IR and Raman spectroscopy, multinuclear NMR, mass spectrometry, and differential scanning calorimetry.
  • Sensitivity testing (impact, friction, electrical spark) and quantum mechanical calculations (CBS-4M) for heats of formation, detonation properties, and specific impulse.

Main Results:

  • Several novel azidotetrazolate salts were successfully synthesized and characterized.
  • Hydrazinium azidotetrazolate (2) demonstrated the highest nitrogen content (87.48%) among known tetrazole salts.
  • Salts 2, 3, 4, and 5 exhibited primary explosive characteristics, with calculated heats of formation correlating to detonation pressure and velocity.

Conclusions:

  • The synthesized azidotetrazolate salts represent a new class of high-nitrogen energetic materials.
  • Hydrazinium azidotetrazolate shows exceptional nitrogen content and potential as a primary explosive.
  • The study provides valuable data for the design and application of advanced energetic compounds.