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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Gastroenteritis01:18

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid receptor...
Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Antimicrobials as Antidiarrheal Agents01:18

Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Antimicrobials as Antidiarrheal Agents

Acute diarrhea, a common gastrointestinal disturbance, is characterized by the rapid evacuation of fluid stools, leading to an excessive weight in fluid. This condition typically arises from disorders affecting intestinal water and electrolyte transport. It can be triggered by an increased osmotic load within the intestine, excessive secretion of electrolytes and water, mucosal exudation of protein and fluid, or altered intestinal motility. The primary risks of acute diarrhea are dehydration...
Giardiasis01:12

Giardiasis

Giardiasis is a globally prevalent intestinal infection caused by the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis (also known as G. lamblia or G. intestinalis). This flagellated protozoan is the most frequently identified intestinal parasite in the United States and worldwide. Transmission primarily occurs via the fecal-oral route, with infection arising from ingestion of water or food contaminated with cysts. Individuals in low-resource settings, international travelers, outdoor enthusiasts, daycare...
Amebiasis01:28

Amebiasis

Entamoeba histolytica, a protozoan parasite, is responsible for intestinal and extraintestinal amebiasis. Though a significant proportion of infections remain asymptomatic, approximately 50 million individuals annually are estimated to present with clinical disease, resulting in up to 100,000 deaths globally. The disease burden is disproportionately high in regions with lower socioeconomic status, such as parts of India, Africa, Mexico, and Latin America.Etiology and TransmissionThe infective...
Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Adsorbents as Antidiarrheal Agents01:20

Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Adsorbents as Antidiarrheal Agents

Diarrhea is characterized by the occurrence of frequent, watery bowel movements. Various factors can trigger diarrhea, including viral or bacterial infections, foodborne illnesses, side effects from certain medications, and underlying digestive disorders. If not adequately managed, diarrhea can lead to complications such as dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and nutrient deficiencies. Severe diarrhea can lead to significant weight loss, malnutrition, and weakened immune function.
Adsorbents...
Colonisation of Pathogens01:25

Colonisation of Pathogens

Pathogen colonization of host tissues is a critical step in the development of infectious diseases. Various pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa, have evolved complex strategies to attach to, invade, and persist within host environments. These mechanisms enable pathogens to establish infections, evade immune responses, and resist antimicrobial treatments.Attachment to Host CellsIn bacteria, colonization typically begins with adherence to host epithelial...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Enteric Bacterial Invasion Of Intestinal Epithelial Cells In Vitro Is Dramatically Enhanced Using a Vertical Diffusion Chamber Model
10:52

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Published on: October 22, 2013

Enteric infection meets intestinal function: how bacterial pathogens cause diarrhoea.

V K Viswanathan1, Kim Hodges, Gail Hecht

  • 1Department of Veterinary Science & Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.

Nature Reviews. Microbiology
|January 1, 2009
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Summary

Bacterial infectious diarrhea causes significant fluid and electrolyte loss by disrupting intestinal function. Recent advances reveal complex interactions between bacterial virulence factors and host responses contributing to this condition.

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Adapting Gastrointestinal Organoids for Pathogen Infection and Single Cell Sequencing under Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) Conditions
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Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Enteric Bacterial Invasion Of Intestinal Epithelial Cells In Vitro Is Dramatically Enhanced Using a Vertical Diffusion Chamber Model
10:52

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Published on: October 22, 2013

Adapting Gastrointestinal Organoids for Pathogen Infection and Single Cell Sequencing under Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) Conditions
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Published on: May 2, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Microbiology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Infectious diarrhea is a major global cause of illness and death.
  • Bacterial infections lead to rapid fluid and electrolyte loss by impairing intestinal absorption and stimulating secretion.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing effective treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms of fluid and electrolyte loss in infectious diarrhea.
  • To connect these mechanisms to specific bacterial virulence factors and toxins.
  • To highlight recent advances in understanding infectious diarrhea.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent advances in gastrointestinal physiology.
  • Review of innate immunity and enteric bacterial virulence mechanisms.
  • Synthesis of information linking pathophysiology to virulence factors.

Main Results:

  • Bacterial diarrhea involves multifactorial processes affecting intestinal function.
  • Specific bacterial toxins and virulence factors directly impact fluid and electrolyte balance.
  • Advances in innate immunity and bacterial pathogenesis offer new insights.

Conclusions:

  • Infectious diarrhea pathogenesis is complex, involving host-pathogen interactions.
  • Virulence factors play a critical role in causing fluid and electrolyte disturbances.
  • Further research into these mechanisms can guide therapeutic strategies.