Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Predicting Products: Substitution vs. Elimination02:52

Predicting Products: Substitution vs. Elimination

When a nucleophile and an alkyl halide react, nucleophilic substitution and β-elimination reactions compete to generate products.
The following factors can influence the mechanisms competing against each other:
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Addition–Elimination (SNAr)01:30

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Addition–Elimination (SNAr)

Nucleophilic substitution in aromatic compounds is feasible in substrates bearing strong electron-withdrawing substituents positioned ortho or para to the leaving group. The reaction proceeds via two steps: the addition of the nucleophile and the elimination of the leaving group.
The reaction begins with an attack of the nucleophile on the carbon that holds the leaving group. This results in the delocalization of the π electrons over the ring carbons. The resonance interaction between the...
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition01:11

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles. However, nucleophilic aromatic substitutions can be forced under certain conditions, such as high temperatures or strong bases. The mechanism of substitution under such conditions involves the highly unstable and reactive benzyne intermediate. Benzyne contains equivalent carbon centers at both ends of the triple bond, each of which is equally susceptible to nucleophilic attack. This 50–50 distribution of products is confirmed through isotopic...
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Overview01:16

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Overview

In an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction, an electrophile substitutes for a hydrogen of an aromatic compound.
Substitutions in Multiple Integrals01:30

Substitutions in Multiple Integrals

Multiple integration is an important mathematical method used to calculate physical quantities distributed over a two-dimensional region, such as the total mass of an elliptical plate. In this process, the density function is evaluated throughout the entire region enclosed by the ellipse. The contributions from all points inside the boundary are then accumulated to determine the total mass.When integration is performed directly in rectangular coordinates, the elliptical boundary produces limits...
Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions02:34

Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions

Historical perspective
In 1896, the German chemist Paul Walden discovered that he could interconvert pure enantiomeric (+) and (-) malic acids through a series of reactions. This conversion suggested the involvement of optical inversion during the substitution reaction. Further, in 1930, Sir Christopher Ingold described for the first time two different forms of nucleophilic substitution reactions, which are known as SN1 (nucleophilic substitution unimolecular) and SN2 (nucleophilic substitution...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Evaluating RAG and Non-RAG Pipelines for Concept Discovery in Environmental Health Ontologies.

AMIA Joint Summits on Translational Science proceedings. AMIA Joint Summits on Translational Science·2026
Same author

Single nuclei RNA-sequencing reveals transcriptional heterogeneity in the blastema of favorable histology Wilms tumor.

JCI insight·2026
Same author

Convergence to Steady State in LLM-Generated Ontological Concepts.

Studies in health technology and informatics·2026
Same author

Relational Graph Convolutional Network with BERT Embeddings for Ontology Relationship Classification.

Studies in health technology and informatics·2026
Same author

To what Degree can LLMs Support Medical Informatics Research? Examining the Interplay of Research Support LLMs with LLM Critics.

AMIA ... Annual Symposium proceedings. AMIA Symposium·2026
Same author

Spatial and multi-omic profiling reveals genes and pathways associated with cytotoxic lymphocyte infiltration in malignant rhabdoid tumor.

Research square·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

A Data Integration Workflow to Identify Drug Combinations Targeting Synthetic Lethal Interactions
07:40

A Data Integration Workflow to Identify Drug Combinations Targeting Synthetic Lethal Interactions

Published on: May 27, 2021

Using WordNet synonym substitution to enhance UMLS source integration.

Kuo-Chuan Huang1, James Geller, Michael Halper

  • 1Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102-1982, USA. kh8@njit.edu

Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
|January 2, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Constraining synonym substitution during medical vocabulary integration significantly speeds up the process without losing matches. Limiting substitutions per term improves Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) integration efficiency.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

A Data Integration Workflow to Identify Drug Combinations Targeting Synthetic Lethal Interactions
07:40

A Data Integration Workflow to Identify Drug Combinations Targeting Synthetic Lethal Interactions

Published on: May 27, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Computational linguistics
  • Medical informatics
  • Natural language processing

Background:

  • Synonym-substitution algorithms aid in integrating source vocabularies with the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS).
  • A challenge is the potential for a large increase in generated synonyms, straining resources.
  • Optimizing these algorithms is crucial for efficient medical terminology integration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of constraining "maximum number of substitutions per term" and "maximum term length" on synonym-substitution algorithm performance.
  • To determine if tight parameter constraints can accelerate the methodology without reducing match accuracy.
  • To investigate if limiting only the "maximum number of substitutions per term" is sufficient for performance gains.

Main Methods:

  • A four-stage synonym-substitution methodology using WordNet was employed.
  • Experiments involved varying "maximum number of substitutions per term" and "maximum term length" parameters.
  • The study re-integrated the "Minimal Standard Terminology" (MST) into the UMLS to test the methodology.

Main Results:

  • An 11% increase in "MST term/UMLS term" matches was achieved.
  • Tight parameter constraints, specifically a maximum of two substitutions per term, maintained performance.
  • Limiting only the "maximum number of substitutions per term" parameter was sufficient for performance enhancement.
  • Manual audit revealed correct matches among previously reported mismatches, adding 10% more matches.

Conclusions:

  • The synonym-substitution methodology using WordNet effectively aids UMLS source integration.
  • Constraining the "maximum number of substitutions per term" parameter significantly speeds up the process without degrading match results.
  • The methodology identified errors in the original MST integration, enhancing UMLS content quality.