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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:29

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:19

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

A blood clot, or thrombus, is a semi-solid mass composed of fibrin, platelets, and red blood cells. When it forms within a vessel, it can obstruct blood flow, known as thrombosis. If part of the clot detaches, it becomes an embolus that can travel and block distant vessels. When this occurs in the pulmonary arteries, it causes a condition known as pulmonary embolism (PE).Origin and ImpactMost often, the embolus originates from a thrombus in the deep veins of the lower limbs, a condition called...
Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis01:30

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
There are various classifications for PH, each relating to different underlying causes and also...
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Pulmonary Edema II: Pathophysiology

Pulmonary edema is the accumulation of fluid in the interstitial and alveolar spaces of the lungs, impairing gas exchange and oxygen delivery. It may be cardiogenic or noncardiogenic, but both reduce oxygenation and lung compliance.Cardiogenic Pulmonary EdemaCardiogenic edema results from increased hydrostatic pressure in pulmonary capillaries, usually due to left ventricular dysfunction from myocardial infarction, heart failure, or valvular disease. Ineffective cardiac pumping causes blood to...
Other Pulmonary Disorders01:17

Other Pulmonary Disorders

Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.
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Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

Diagnosing Pulmonary EmbolismDiagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) involves clinical assessment and advanced imaging tests. The preferred diagnostic tool is the spiral (helical) CT scan or CT angiography (CTA), which uses intravenous contrast media to visualize the pulmonary vasculature and identify emboli.A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative for patients unable to receive contrast media. This scan includes both perfusion and ventilation scanning. Perfusion scanning involves...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Left Atrial Stenosis Induced Pulmonary Venous Arterialization and Group 2 Pulmonary Hypertension in Rat
08:34

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Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease.

D Montani1, L C Price, P Dorfmuller

  • 1Centre National de Référence de l'Hypertension Artérielle Pulmonaire, Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Sud, Clamart, France.

The European Respiratory Journal
|January 2, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) is a rare condition often mistaken for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Early detection using noninvasive methods is crucial due to its poor prognosis and risks with certain PAH therapies.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Pulmonology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) is a subgroup of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), accounting for 5-10% of idiopathic PAH cases.
  • PVOD can be idiopathic or associated with conditions like connective tissue diseases, HIV, and bone marrow transplantation.
  • PVOD shares clinical and genetic similarities with PAH but presents distinct physiological characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To differentiate PVOD from PAH.
  • To highlight diagnostic approaches for PVOD.
  • To discuss treatment implications and prognosis.

Main Methods:

  • Comparison of clinical presentation, genetics, and hemodynamics between PVOD and PAH.
  • Analysis of high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) findings suggestive of PVOD.
  • Evaluation of noninvasive diagnostic tools including HRCT, arterial blood gases, pulmonary function tests, and bronchoalveolar lavage.

Main Results:

  • PVOD exhibits a higher male ratio, increased tobacco exposure, and lower oxygenation compared to PAH.
  • HRCT may show centrilobular ground-glass opacities, septal lines, and lymphadenopathy in PVOD.
  • Occult alveolar hemorrhage is linked to PVOD, and noninvasive diagnostics can aid detection, potentially avoiding risky biopsies.

Conclusions:

  • PVOD has a poor prognosis and can lead to severe pulmonary edema with specific PAH therapies.
  • Lung transplantation is the primary treatment for PVOD.
  • Cautious use of PAH therapies may benefit select PVOD patients.