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Related Concept Videos

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

Overview
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Immunopeptidomics: Isolation of Mouse and Human MHC Class I- and II-Associated Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis
09:32

Immunopeptidomics: Isolation of Mouse and Human MHC Class I- and II-Associated Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Published on: October 15, 2021

HLA class II and autoimmunity: epitope selection vs differential expression.

Brigitte Müller-Hilke1

  • 1Institute of Immunology, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany. brigitte.mueller-hilke@med.uni-rostock.de

Acta Histochemica
|January 3, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Autoimmune diseases involve complex genetics and environmental factors. Evidence suggests differential gene expression, particularly involving HLA class II, plays a key role in their development.

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Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Immunopeptidomics: Isolation of Mouse and Human MHC Class I- and II-Associated Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis
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A High Throughput MHC II Binding Assay for Quantitative Analysis of Peptide Epitopes
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A High Throughput MHC II Binding Assay for Quantitative Analysis of Peptide Epitopes

Published on: March 25, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genetics
  • Pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases

Background:

  • Autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus share complex origins.
  • These conditions arise from intricate interactions between multiple genes and various environmental influences.
  • A significant genetic link to autoimmune diseases is associated with specific Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) class II haplotypes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize evidence on the role of differential gene expression in autoimmune diseases.
  • To highlight the contribution of HLA class II haplotypes to autoimmune pathogenesis.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms underlying autoimmune disease development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and evidence synthesis.
  • Analysis of genetic associations with HLA class II haplotypes.
  • Examination of studies investigating gene expression patterns in autoimmune conditions.

Main Results:

  • The strongest genetic predisposition to autoimmune diseases is linked to specific HLA class II haplotypes.
  • Differential gene expression is a proposed mechanism contributing to the autoimmune process.
  • Evidence supports the involvement of HLA class II in regulating immune responses relevant to autoimmunity.

Conclusions:

  • Differential gene expression, especially concerning HLA class II, is a crucial factor in autoimmune disease pathogenesis.
  • Understanding these genetic and molecular mechanisms is vital for developing targeted therapies.
  • Further research into HLA class II and gene expression patterns can advance autoimmune disease management.