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Related Concept Videos

Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Bacterial Gastroenteritis01:18

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid receptor...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Detection of Abnormal Prion Protein by Immunohistochemistry
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Detection of Abnormal Prion Protein by Immunohistochemistry

Published on: May 5, 2023

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy.

Jane L Harman1, Christopher J Silva

  • 1Food Safety and Inspection Service, Office of Public Health Science, USDA, 1400 Independence Ave SW, Washington, DC 20250, USA.

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
|January 6, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is an infectious cattle disease caused by abnormal prion proteins. Currently, no tests can detect BSE in live animals, posing a significant challenge to disease control.

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Procedures for Identifying Infectious Prions After Passage Through the Digestive System of an Avian Species
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Assessing Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Species Barriers with an In Vitro Prion Protein Conversion Assay
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Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Detection of Abnormal Prion Protein by Immunohistochemistry
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Procedures for Identifying Infectious Prions After Passage Through the Digestive System of an Avian Species
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Procedures for Identifying Infectious Prions After Passage Through the Digestive System of an Avian Species

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Assessing Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Species Barriers with an In Vitro Prion Protein Conversion Assay
11:41

Assessing Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Species Barriers with an In Vitro Prion Protein Conversion Assay

Published on: March 10, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease in cattle.
  • Transmission occurs via contaminated feed, specifically meat-and-bone meal.
  • The causative agent is a misfolded prion protein.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the understanding of BSE transmission and etiology.
  • To highlight the current limitations in live animal diagnostics for BSE.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing scientific literature on BSE.
  • Analysis of prion protein structure and function.
  • Assessment of diagnostic capabilities for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.

Main Results:

  • BSE is linked to the consumption of infected cattle products.
  • The disease results from an abnormal prion protein isoform.
  • No validated tests exist for detecting BSE in living cattle.

Conclusions:

  • Effective control of BSE relies on preventing feed contamination.
  • Development of reliable live-animal diagnostic tests is crucial for eradication efforts.