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Related Concept Videos

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Visual System01:26

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at the...
Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Visual Agnosia01:12

Visual Agnosia

Visual agnosia is a condition characterized by the inability to recognize visually presented objects despite having normal vision. For instance, a person with visual agnosia can describe the shape and color of an object but cannot identify or name it. This impairment does not affect their visual field, acuity, color vision, brightness discrimination, language, or memory. An example of this condition in a social setting is someone at a dinner party asking for "that silver thing with a round end"...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Exploring Infant Sensitivity to Visual Language using Eye Tracking and the Preferential Looking Paradigm
06:07

Exploring Infant Sensitivity to Visual Language using Eye Tracking and the Preferential Looking Paradigm

Published on: May 15, 2019

Sensitivity to syntax in visual cortex.

Suzanne Dikker1, Hugh Rabagliati, Liina Pylkkänen

  • 1Department of Linguistics, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.

Cognition
|January 6, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Syntactic prediction violations during reading impact early visual processing, specifically when word categories are overtly marked by morphemes. This suggests rapid language comprehension involves early sensory responses in the occipital cortex.

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07:36

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

Published on: November 30, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Violations of syntactic predictions in language comprehension elicit early left-anterior negativity (ELAN) around 120 ms.
  • ELAN is thought to reflect rapid word category access and initial syntactic structure building.
  • The role of overt morphological cues in these early syntactic processes remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if rapid word category identification depends on overt category-marking morphemes.
  • To determine if word category prediction violations influence modality-specific sensory responses.
  • To explore the neural basis of early syntactic processing during reading.

Main Methods:

  • Two magnetoencephalography (MEG) experiments were conducted.
  • Participants read sentences with predicted and violated word category information.
  • Stimuli varied in the presence or absence of overt function morphemes marking word category.

Main Results:

  • An increased M100 component amplitude was observed for unexpected items when word category was overtly marked.
  • Dipole modeling localized the M100 effect generator to the occipital cortex.
  • Experiment 2 confirmed these findings and ruled out alternative explanations.

Conclusions:

  • Syntactically relevant cues, like overt morphemes, can influence occipital activity as early as 125 ms during reading.
  • This suggests early visual processing is sensitive to syntactic information, contributing to the speed of language comprehension.
  • The findings challenge previous assumptions about the timing and neural correlates of syntactic processing.