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Related Concept Videos

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity01:21

Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity

The human immune system is a complex defense mechanism that protects the body from harmful pathogens and foreign substances. It comprises two crucial components: innate and adaptive immunity.
Innate immunity is the body's natural, nonspecific defense system that acts quickly to protect against pathogens. It incorporates physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes and cellular elements such as phagocytes and natural killer cells. This part of our immune system provides an immediate,...

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Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Two Methods of Heterokaryon Formation to Discover HCV Restriction Factors
16:49

Two Methods of Heterokaryon Formation to Discover HCV Restriction Factors

Published on: July 16, 2012

HCV and innate immunity.

Takashi Ebihara1, Misako Matsumoto, Tsukasa Seya

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan. ebitaq@med.hokudai.ac.jp

Uirusu
|January 6, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) evades the immune system, but dendritic cells can mount a defense. Phagocytosis of infected cells triggers TLR3 signaling, crucial for initiating an anti-HCV innate immune response.

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Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production
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Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production

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Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.
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Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.

Published on: September 1, 2015

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Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Two Methods of Heterokaryon Formation to Discover HCV Restriction Factors
16:49

Two Methods of Heterokaryon Formation to Discover HCV Restriction Factors

Published on: July 16, 2012

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production
08:32

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production

Published on: March 2, 2014

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.
08:11

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.

Published on: September 1, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Hepatology

Background:

  • Hepatitis C virus (HCV) establishes persistent infections in over 70% of individuals, leading to chronic liver disease.
  • The mechanisms by which HCV evades spontaneous viral clearance and establishes chronic infection remain largely unknown.
  • Insufficient innate immune responses, particularly involving dendritic cells (DCs), are implicated in HCV persistence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review previous reports on HCV's subversion of innate immunity.
  • To investigate the innate immune response of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) against the JFH1 strain of HCV.
  • To elucidate the role of TLR3 signaling in anti-HCV immunity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an in vitro system for propagating HCV particles (JFH1 strain).
  • Examined the interaction between HCV and MoDCs.
  • Assessed MoDC maturation and cytokine production following exposure to HCV-infected apoptotic cells.

Main Results:

  • HCV did not directly interact with MoDC maturation.
  • MoDCs matured upon phagocytosing HCV-infected apoptotic cells.
  • Virus-derived dsRNA within phagocytosed cells interacted with TLR3, triggering maturation.

Conclusions:

  • TLR3 signaling is critical for inducing an anti-HCV innate immune response.
  • MoDCs respond to HCV indirectly through phagocytosis of infected apoptotic cells.
  • Understanding these interactions is key to developing strategies against persistent HCV infection.