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Gastric Phase of Digestion

Gastric Phase of Digestion

The gastric phase of digestion begins as soon as food enters the stomach. The incoming food bolus triggers neural and hormonal mechanisms, which last approximately 3 to 4 hours. During this phase, the stomach undergoes significant changes to prepare the food for further digestion and absorption.
When food enters the stomach, it stretches the stomach walls and activates stretch receptors. This triggers local reflexes of the enteric nervous system, mediated through the myenteric plexus. These...

Hormones Secreted by the Stomach

Hormones Secreted by the Stomach

Enteroendocrine cells, accounting for only 1% of stomach epithelial cells, play a significant role in digestion and are classified by their digestive hormone secretions.
Each of these hormones secreted by different enteroendocrine cells plays a unique role in digestion. Here are a few examples:

Gastric Emptying

Gastric Emptying

Gastric emptying occurs when the stomach gradually releases chyme into the duodenum. When the stomach is distended, it triggers the release of gastrin, a hormone that promotes gastric acid secretion to aid in digestion. Additionally, stomach distension contributes to peristaltic waves that propel gastric contents toward the pyloric region. The gastroenteric reflex, on the other hand, primarily stimulates peristalsis in the intestines, facilitating the movement of contents further along the...

Intestinal Phase of Digestion

Intestinal Phase of Digestion

The intestinal phase of digestion is the third and final stage of the digestive process, occurring after the cephalic and gastric phases. It begins when chyme, a partially digested mixture of food and digestive enzymes, enters the small intestine from the stomach. This phase is crucial for nutrient absorption and involves complex hormonal and enzymatic interactions.
The arrival of the chyme in the small intestine distends the duodenum, which triggers the enterogastric reflex. This distension...

Hormonal Regulation

Hormonal Regulation

Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.

Mucosal Barrier of the Stomach

Mucosal Barrier of the Stomach

The gastric glands contain parietal cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) for digestion. The cells secrete HCl because it is highly corrosive and essential for breaking down food. To achieve this, they secrete hydrogen and chloride ions into the lumen of the gastric glands, which combine to form HCl.
Within parietal cells, carbonic acid is first formed through the reaction of water and carbon dioxide. The dissociation of carbonic acid releases bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. The bicarbonate...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Mechanisms Underlying Gut Hormone Secretion Using the Isolated Perfused Rat Small Intestine

Mechanisms Underlying Gut Hormone Secretion Using the Isolated Perfused Rat Small Intestine

Published on: February 26, 2019

Gastric secretion.

Mitchell L Schubert¹

¹Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Virginia Commonwealth University's Medical College of Virginia and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23249, USA. Mitchell.Schubert@va.gov

Current Opinion in Gastroenterology

|January 6, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This review covers recent findings on gastric acid secretion regulation. Understanding these mechanisms is key for managing acid-related disorders and improving patient outcomes.

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Area of Science:

Gastroenterology
Endocrinology
Physiology

Background:

Gastric acid secretion is crucial for digestion and nutrient absorption.
Dysregulation of gastric acid leads to conditions like GERD, peptic ulcers, and nutrient malabsorption.
Factors influencing acid secretion include hormones, neurotransmitters, infections, and medications.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive overview of the latest research on gastric acid secretion.
To highlight the complex regulatory pathways involved in acid production.
To discuss the clinical implications of both excessive and insufficient acid secretion.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies published within the past year.
Analysis of research on the biological agents and exogenous substances affecting gastric acid.
Examination of the role of enteroendocrine cells, neurons, and infections in acid regulation.

Main Results:

Gastric acid secretion is modulated by numerous stimulatory (e.g., gastrin, histamine) and inhibitory (e.g., leptin, H. pylori) factors.
Helicobacter pylori infection was found to inhibit the proton pump (HK-ATPase) transcription.
Imbalances in acid levels have significant health consequences, from digestive disorders to impaired medication efficacy.

Conclusions:

A deeper understanding of gastric acid regulation mechanisms is essential.
Improved knowledge will facilitate better clinical management strategies for patients with acid-related conditions.
Future research directions aim to refine therapeutic approaches for disorders of gastric acid secretion.