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Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Active versus Passive Immunity01:31

Active versus Passive Immunity

Immunity, along with the ability to limit pathogen growth to prevent significant body tissue damage, can be gained either by (1) actively developing an immune response within the individual after exposure to a pathogen or after getting vaccinated or (2) passively transferring immune components from an immune individual to one who is nonimmune. Both these forms of immunity can be found naturally and in medical practices.
Active Immunity
Active immunity refers to the resistance one develops...
Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature is...
Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
Poliomyelitis01:17

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...

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Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
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Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Published on: July 31, 2021

Oral immunization: an update.

Jiri Mestecky1, Huan Nguyen, Cecil Czerkinsky

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294-2170, USA. mestecky@uab.edu

Current Opinion in Gastroenterology
|January 6, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Oral vaccines for intestinal infections show promise with new live-attenuated and plant-derived options. Advances in delivery systems and adjuvants are key to their future widespread use in preventing mucosal infections.

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Area of Science:

  • Vaccinology
  • Immunology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Oral immunization strategies for intestinal infectious diseases have been researched for decades.
  • Despite strong rationale, few mucosal vaccines are currently available for preventing infections.
  • Challenges include limited absorption and degradation of antigens in the gastrointestinal tract.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current status of oral vaccines for intestinal infectious diseases.
  • To discuss alternative vaccine approaches and their challenges.
  • To analyze the advantages and difficulties in implementing oral vaccines broadly.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on oral vaccine development and implementation.
  • Analysis of traditional (killed/isolated antigens) versus novel (live-attenuated, plant-derived) vaccine platforms.
  • Evaluation of systemic immunization strategies for inducing mucosal immunity.

Main Results:

  • Traditional oral vaccines using killed pathogens or isolated antigens have shown limited success.
  • Novel approaches like live-attenuated bacterial/viral vaccines and edible plant-derived vaccines are emerging.
  • Systemic immunization with polysaccharide-protein conjugates can induce protective IgG antibodies against enteric pathogens like Salmonella, Shigella, and E. coli.

Conclusions:

  • Improvements in antigen delivery systems and safe mucosal adjuvants are crucial.
  • Live-attenuated vaccines, microbial vectors, and plant-based production systems hold significant potential.
  • These advancements are expected to facilitate broader application of oral vaccines in the future.