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Related Concept Videos

Lewis Acids and Bases02:33

Lewis Acids and Bases

In 1923, G. N. Lewis proposed a generalized definition of acid-base behavior in which acids and bases are identified by their ability to accept or to donate a pair of electrons and form a coordinate covalent bond.
A coordinate covalent bond (or dative bond) occurs when one of the atoms in the bond provides both bonding electrons. For example, a coordinate covalent bond occurs when a water molecule combines with a hydrogen ion to form a hydronium ion. A coordinate covalent bond also results when...
Lewis Acids and Bases02:16

Lewis Acids and Bases

This lesson delves into Lewis acids and bases in the context of the octet rule for electron-deficient compounds. Here, the concept is discussed, emphasizing the group 13 elements like boron or aluminium. Since group 13 elements possess three valence electrons, they form trivalent compounds with a sextet of electrons and a vacant orbital for the central atom. Consequently, these electron-deficient compounds accept electrons from other species to complete their octet in a chemical reaction. They...
Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:01

Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
As shown below, the mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by water at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen π bond along with the departure of a halide ion. A final proton transfer step yields carboxylic acid...
Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
Carboxylic Acids to Esters: Acid-Catalyzed (Fischer) Esterification Overview01:20

Carboxylic Acids to Esters: Acid-Catalyzed (Fischer) Esterification Overview

The Fischer esterification reaction was developed by the German chemist Emil Fischer in 1895. It is a condensation reaction between carboxylic acids and alcohols in an acidic medium to give esters and water.
Carboxylic Acids to Esters: Acid-Catalyzed (Fischer) Esterification Mechanism01:13

Carboxylic Acids to Esters: Acid-Catalyzed (Fischer) Esterification Mechanism

Carboxylic acids react with alcohols to yield esters via an acid-catalyzed condensation reaction called Fischer esterification. This is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction that proceeds via a tetrahedral intermediate, where a water molecule is eliminated as the leaving group.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Characterizing Lewis Pairs Using Titration Coupled with In Situ Infrared Spectroscopy
07:49

Characterizing Lewis Pairs Using Titration Coupled with In Situ Infrared Spectroscopy

Published on: February 20, 2020

Fluorous Lewis acids and phase transfer catalysts.

Chun Cai1, Wen-Bin Yi, Wei Zhang

  • 1Chemical Engineering College, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China. c.cai@mail.njust.edu.cn

Molecular Diversity
|January 7, 2009
PubMed
Summary

The fluorous biphase system (FBS) enables efficient separation and immobilization in chemical reactions. This review covers Lewis acid catalysts and fluorous phase transfer catalysts (PTCs) within FBS.

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Application of Elemental Lanthanides in the Selective C-F Activation of Trifluoromethylated Benzofulvenes Providing Access to Various Difluoroalkenes

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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Green Chemistry

Background:

  • The fluorous biphase system (FBS) is an innovative technique for reaction and product separation.
  • FBS facilitates catalyst immobilization and recycling, aligning with green chemistry principles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review fluorous biphasic reactions catalyzed by Lewis acid-type metal perfluorooctanesulfonates and metal bis(perfluorooctanesulfonyl)amides.
  • To discuss the recent advancements in fluorous phase transfer catalysts (PTCs) within the FBS framework.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of fluorous biphasic reactions.
  • Analysis of catalytic systems involving metal perfluorooctanesulfonates and bis(perfluorooctanesulfonyl)amides.
  • Examination of fluorous phase transfer catalyst development.

Main Results:

  • Demonstration of the efficacy of FBS in various catalytic reactions.
  • Highlighting the role of specific Lewis acid catalysts in enhancing reaction efficiency.
  • Showcasing the progress in designing and applying fluorous PTCs for improved phase separation.

Conclusions:

  • The fluorous biphase system (FBS) offers a powerful platform for developing sustainable catalytic processes.
  • Lewis acid catalysis and fluorous PTCs are key components for successful FBS applications.
  • Continued research in FBS promises further advancements in efficient chemical synthesis and separation.