Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Processes at Electrodes

Processes at Electrodes

The electrode interacts with ions in the electrolyte solution at its interface. The rate of oxidation and reduction depends on the speed at which electrons can transfer through this interface. As ions attach to or leave the electrode surface, the electrode acquires a charge, and an electrical potential forms across the interface, making the process more difficult to reach equilibrium. The charge on the electrode affects the local ion concentrations in the solution, though thermal motion...

Potential Due to a Polarized Object

Potential Due to a Polarized Object

A neutral atom consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a negatively charged electron cloud. When placed in an external electric field, the external electric force pulls the electrons and nucleus apart, opposite to the intrinsic attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. The opposing forces balance each other with a slight shift between the center of masses of the nucleus and the electron cloud, resulting in a polarized atom. On the other hand, a few molecules, like water,...

The Electrical Double Layer

The Electrical Double Layer

In the region where two bulk phases meet, an intricate electric charge distribution arises due to charge transfer, ion adsorption, molecular orientation, and charge distortion. This complex distribution is commonly referred to as the electrical double layer.When a solid electrode interfaces with ions in an electrolyte solution, the speed of electron transfer dictates the rates of oxidation and reduction. The electrode acquires a charge through the escape of atoms into the solution as cations or...

Current Density

Current Density

The total amount of current flowing through one unit value of a cross-sectional area is referred to as current density. If the current flow is uniform, the amount of current flowing through a conductor is the same at all points along the conductor, even if the conductor area varies. The current density consists of the local magnitude and direction of the charge flow, which varies from point to point. Current density is measured in amperes per meter square, and direction is defined as the net...

Boundary Conditions for Current Density

Boundary Conditions for Current Density

Current density becomes discontinuous across an interface of materials with different electrical conductivities. The normal component of the current density is continuous across the boundary.

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
The vector...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Acoustic Signatures in Laser-Induced Plasmas for Detection of Explosives in Traces.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same author

Characterization of explosives in a controlled blast chamber using single-particle mass spectrometer for post-blast particle analysis.

Talanta·2025

Same author

Development and evaluation of an IR standoff spectrometer prototype for rapid crime scene forensic surveying.

Forensic science international·2025

Same author

Chronic post-dural puncture headache-a serious and underrated complication following lumbar puncture: a cohort study.

Frontiers in neurology·2024

Same author

Wafer-Scale Ag<sub>2</sub>S-Based Memristive Crossbar Arrays with Ultra-Low Switching-Energies Reaching Biological Synapses.

Nano-micro letters·2024

Same author

A Novel LIBS Sensor for Sample Examinations on a Crime Scene.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Development of a 3D Graphene Electrode Dielectrophoretic Device

Development of a 3D Graphene Electrode Dielectrophoretic Device

Published on: June 22, 2014

Potential and current density distributions at electrodes intended for bipolar patterning.

Christian Ulrich¹, Olof Andersson, Leif Nyholm

¹Division of Sensor Science and Molecular Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden.

Analytical Chemistry

|January 7, 2009

Summary

Researchers used reaction gradients on bipolar electrodes to pattern surfaces. This study enhances understanding of bipolar patterning for applications in biosensors and microarrays.

More Related Videos

Preparation of Janus Particles and Alternating Current Electrokinetic Measurements with a Rapidly Fabricated Indium Tin Oxide Electrode Array

Preparation of Janus Particles and Alternating Current Electrokinetic Measurements with a Rapidly Fabricated Indium Tin Oxide Electrode Array

Published on: June 23, 2017

In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy with Biasing and Fabrication of Asymmetric Crossbars Based on Mixed-Phased a-VOx

In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy with Biasing and Fabrication of Asymmetric Crossbars Based on Mixed-Phased a-VO_x

Published on: May 13, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Development of a 3D Graphene Electrode Dielectrophoretic Device

Development of a 3D Graphene Electrode Dielectrophoretic Device

Published on: June 22, 2014

Preparation of Janus Particles and Alternating Current Electrokinetic Measurements with a Rapidly Fabricated Indium Tin Oxide Electrode Array

Preparation of Janus Particles and Alternating Current Electrokinetic Measurements with a Rapidly Fabricated Indium Tin Oxide Electrode Array

Published on: June 23, 2017

In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy with Biasing and Fabrication of Asymmetric Crossbars Based on Mixed-Phased a-VOx

In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy with Biasing and Fabrication of Asymmetric Crossbars Based on Mixed-Phased a-VO_x

Published on: May 13, 2020

Area of Science:

Electrochemistry
Surface Science
Nanotechnology

Background:

Bipolar electrodes offer unique capabilities for surface patterning.
Controlling reaction gradients is crucial for precise surface modification.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate potential and current density distributions on bipolar electrodes for optimized gradient geometries.
To demonstrate the application of reaction gradients for creating patterned surfaces.

Main Methods:

Investigated potential and current density distributions in bipolar electrode setups.
Utilized simple conductivity models for simulation and comparison.
Employed imaging surface plasmon resonance (iSPR) for visualization.
Used an Ag/AgCl reference electrode for potential difference determination.

Main Results:

Simulations showed good qualitative agreement with experimental conductivity models.
Reaction gradients on bipolar electrodes were successfully visualized using iSPR.
Potential difference was found to be approximately linearly distributed in the center of the bipolar electrode.
Generated a circular gradient region in a self-assembled monolayer.

Conclusions:

The study provides a better understanding of processes relevant for bipolar patterning.
The developed approach enables the creation of patterned substrates for biosensors and microarrays.
Simple conductivity models can predict bipolar behavior in complex setups.